Help


[permalink] [id link]
+
Page "DDT" ¶ 2
from Wikipedia
Edit
Promote Demote Fragment Fix

Some Related Sentences

DDT and was
The Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 " for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods.
" After the war, DDT was made available for use as an agricultural insecticide, and soon its production and use skyrocketed.
The book suggested that DDT and other pesticides may cause cancer and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds.
Its publication was one of the signature events in the birth of the environmental movement, and resulted in a large public outcry that eventually led to DDT being banned in the US in 1972.
From 1950 to 1980, DDT was extensively used in agriculture — more than 40, 000 tonnes were used each year worldwideand it has been estimated that a total of 1. 8 million tonnes have been produced globally since the 1940s.
With pyrethrum in short supply, DDT was used extensively during World War II by the Allies to control the insect vectors of typhus — nearly eliminating the disease in many parts of Europe.
By the time DDT was introduced in the U. S., the disease had already been brought under control by a variety of other means.
DDT was less effective in tropical regions due to the continuous life cycle of mosquitoes and poor infrastructure.
However, these early events received little attention, and it was not until 1957, when the New York Times reported an unsuccessful struggle to restrict DDT use in Nassau County, New York, that the issue came to the attention of the popular naturalist-author, Rachel Carson.
Victor Yannacone, Charles Wurster, Art Cooley and others associated with inception of EDF had all witnessed bird kills or declines in bird populations and suspected that DDT was the cause.
After an initial six-month review process, William Ruckelshaus, the Agency's first Administrator rejected an immediate suspension of DDT's registration, citing studies from the EPA's internal staff stating that DDT was not an imminent danger to human health and wildlife.
Immediately after the cancellation was announced, both EDF and the DDT manufacturers filed suit against the EPA, with the industry seeking to overturn the ban, and EDF seeking a comprehensive ban.
For example, in June 1979, the California Department of Health Services was permitted to use DDT to suppress flea vectors of bubonic plague.
Some studies show that although DDE levels have fallen dramatically, eggshell thickness remains 10 – 12 percent thinner than before DDT was first used.
According to a report in the British Medical Journal, use of DDT in Mozambique " was stopped several decades ago, because 80 % of the country's health budget came from donor funds, and donors refused to allow the use of DDT.
Before DDT, malaria was successfully eradicated or curtailed in several tropical areas by removing or poisoning mosquito breeding grounds and larva habitats, for example by filling or applying oil to standing water.
However, a study in Thailand found the cost per malaria case prevented of DDT spraying ($ 1. 87 US ) to be 21 % greater than the cost per case prevented of lambda-cyhalothrin – treated nets ($ 1. 54 US ), at very least casting some doubt on the unexamined assumption that DDT was the most cost-effective measure to use in all cases.
Malaria, the most widespread disease, was successfully fought through advances in health care, the use of DDT, and through the draining of swamplands.
During and just after World War II, DDT was used as insecticide to combat insect vectors carrying malaria and typhus.
Before the use of DDT it was dangerously infested with malaria.
Around 1960 DDT came into use to suppress mosquitos and the way was open to settlement from the land-poor hills to the detriment of Tharus.
DDT was used to control the spread of typhus-carrying lice.

DDT and subsequently
Methyl parathion, malathion, and pyrethroids were subsequently used, but environmental and resistance concerns arose as they had with DDT and control strategies changed.
However, in the 1970s the consumption of chemically treated ( DDT ) crops by the starlings which were subsequently eaten by Peregrine Falcons caused a dangerous build-up of the toxin in the falcon.
The resulting public concern led to the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 which subsequently banned the agricultural use of DDT in the US in 1972.

DDT and banned
Nicaragua and its neighbors widely used compounds banned in the U. S., such as DDT, endrin, dieldrin and lindane.
Among those chemicals were DDT, banned by international convention, and several defoliants and herbicides.
According to the The Dedalus Book of Absinthe by Phil Baker, it was made by combining gin with a pinch of DDT ( also known as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ), an insecticide that would later be banned in most countries ; consumers of this concoction claimed that its effects were similar to absinthe.
Seabirds, being apex predators, suffered from the ravages of DDT until it was banned ; among other effects, DDT was implicated in embryo development problems and the skewed sex ratio of Western Gulls in southern California.
They are often quite effective for controlling arthropod populations, though use of some of these chemicals is controversial, and some organophosphates and organochlorides ( such as DDT ) have been banned in many countries.
After the use of DDT for this purpose was banned, pyrethroids became more commonly used against bed bugs.
Since being banned, the average human body burdens of DDT and PCB have been declining.
The popularity of these insecticides increased after many of the organochlorine insecticides like DDT, dieldrin, and heptachlor were banned in the 1970s.
* DDT ( banned insecticide )

DDT and for
soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT ; energy blockade, the result of conflict with Azerbaijan, has led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood ; pollution of Hrazdan ( Razdan ) and Araks Rivers ; the draining of Sevana Lich ( Lake Sevan ), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies ; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant without adequate ( IAEA-recommended ) safety and backup systems
Technical DDT has been formulated in almost every conceivable form including solutions in xylene or petroleum distillates, emulsifiable concentrates, water-wettable powders, granules, aerosols, smoke candles, and charges for vaporisers and lotions.
In response to an EDF suit, the U. S. District Court of Appeals in 1971 ordered the EPA to begin the de-registration procedure for DDT.
The EPA then held seven months of hearings in 1971 – 1972, with scientists giving evidence both for and against the use of DDT.
In the summer of 1972, Ruckelshaus announced the cancellation of most uses of DDT — an exemption allowed for public health uses under some conditions.
The cases were consolidated, and in 1973 the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that the EPA had acted properly in banning DDT.
DDT also continued to be produced in the US for foreign markets until as late as 1985, when over 300 tons were exported.
DDT has on rare occasions been administered orally as a treatment for barbiturate poisoning.
When John Stossel accused USAID of not funding DDT because it wasn't " politically correct ," Anne Peterson, the agency's assistant administrator for global health, replied that " I believe that the strategies we are using are as effective as spraying with DDT ...
" USAID's Kent R. Hill states that the agency has been misrepresented: " USAID strongly supports spraying as a preventative measure for malaria and will support the use of DDT when it is scientifically sound and warranted.
" The Agency's website states that " USAID has never had a ' policy ' as such either ' for ' or ' against ' DDT for IRS.
The director of Mexico's malaria control program finds similar results, declaring that it is 25 % cheaper for Mexico to spray a house with synthetic pyrethroids than with DDT.
However, another study in South Africa found generally lower costs for DDT spraying than for impregnated nets.
* Ugandan farmers push for DDT ban.
* 1948 – Swiss chemist Paul Müller is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the insecticidal properties of DDT.
By tradition and by Carson's own public statements, the impetus for Silent Spring was a letter written in January 1958 by Carson's friend, Olga Owens Huckins, to The Boston Herald, describing the death of numerous birds around her property resulting from the aerial spraying of DDT to kill mosquitoes, a copy of which Huckins sent to Carson.
Reaching sexual maturity at one year, it mates for life and nests in a scrape, normally on cliff edges or, in recent times, on tall human-made structures .< ref > The Peregrine Falcon became an endangered species in many areas because of pesticides, especially DDT.

0.140 seconds.