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DNA information, made public in July 2008, that has been obtained from Ekaterinburg and repeatedly subject to independent testing by laboratories such as the University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA, and reveals that the final two missing Romanov remains are indeed authentic and that the entire Romanov family housed in the Ipatiev House, Ekaterinburg were executed in the early hours of 17 July 1918.
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DNA and information
In the 1950s, James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins were instrumental in solving DNA structure and suggesting its relationship with genetic transfer of information.
Nucleic acids are the molecules that make up DNA, an extremely important substance that all cellular organisms use to store their genetic information.
DNA provides the information for a plant's structure, metabolism, and biology.
However, its primary use since at least the late 1980s has been to describe the application of computer science and information sciences to the analysis of biological data, particularly in those areas of genomics involving large-scale DNA sequencing.
* The Dolan DNA Learning Center: The source for timely information about your life
All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organisation: genetic information encoded in DNA, transcribed into RNA, through the effect of protein-and RNA-enzymes, then translated into proteins by ( highly similar ) ribosomes, with ATP, NADH and others as energy sources, etc.
Furthermore, the genetic code ( the " translation table " according to which DNA information is translated into proteins ) is nearly identical for all known lifeforms, from bacteria to humans.
The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes.
Likewise, other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information.
As a result of this complementarity, all the information in the double-stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated on each strand, which is vital in DNA replication.
This understanding has led to the notion that all the information needed for proteins to assume their native state was encoded in the primary structure of the protein, and hence in the DNA that codes for the protein, the so called " Anfinsen's thermodynamic hypothesis ".
The pairing of bases in DNA through hydrogen bonding means that the information contained within each strand is redundant.
He is widely known for use of the term " central dogma " to summarize an idea that genetic information flow in cells is essentially one-way, from DNA to RNA to protein.
In order to construct their model of DNA, Watson and Crick made use of information from unpublished X-ray diffraction images of Franklin's ( shown at meetings and freely shared by Wilkins ), including preliminary accounts of Franklin's results / photographs of the X-ray images that were included in a written progress report for the King's College laboratory of Sir John Randall from late 1952.
Wilkins shared this information about the B form of DNA with Crick and Watson.
Crick's access to Franklin's progress report of late 1952 is what made Crick confident that DNA was a double helix with antiparallel chains, but there were other chains of reasoning and sources of information that also led to these conclusions.
Because a person's DNA contains information that has been passed down relatively unchanged from early ancestors, analysis of DNA is sometimes used for genealogical research.
Genes correspond to regions within DNA, a molecule composed of a chain of four different types of nucleotides — the sequence of these nucleotides is the genetic information organisms inherit.
* Introduction to Genetic Engineering Covers general information on Genetic Engineering including cloning, stem cells and DNA.
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or mRNA sequences ) is translated into proteins ( amino acid sequences ) by living cells.
In such circumstances then, " genome " describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, " genome " carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA.
So although these organisms contain chloroplasts and / or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome.
DNA and made
Gels made from purified agarose have a relatively large pore size, making them useful for separation of large molecules, such as proteins and protein complexes > 200 kilodaltons, as well as DNA fragments > 100 basepairs.
Modern variants of the Batavian founding myth are made more credible by pointing out that the Batavians were only part of the ancestry of the Dutch people, together with the Frisians, Franks and Saxons, and by tracing patterns of DNA.
Some mitochondrial proteins are made inside mitochondria and are coded for by mitochondrial DNA.
DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds.
DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides.
The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues.
In 2007, Echols petitioned for a retrial based on a statute permitting post-conviction testing of DNA evidence due to technological advances made since 1994 which might provide exoneration for the wrongfully convicted.
* The DNAFET is a specialized FET that acts as a biosensor, by using a gate made of single-strand DNA molecules to detect matching DNA strands.
Crick was witness to the kinds of errors that his co-workers made in their failed attempts to make a correct molecular model of the α helix ; these turned out to be important lessons that could be applied, in the future, to the helical structure of DNA.
Crick described what he saw as the failure of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin to cooperate and work towards finding a molecular model of DNA as a major reason why he and Watson eventually made a second attempt to do so.
The Watson and Crick discovery of the DNA double helix structure was made possible by their willingness to combine theory, modeling and experimental results ( albeit mostly done by others ) to achieve their goal.
This is called genetic engineering and was made possible through the discovery of DNA and the creation of the first recombinant DNA molecules by Paul Berg in 1972.
Using an electric field, molecules ( such as DNA ) can be made to move through a gel made of agar or polyacrylamide.
" Most agarose gels are made with between 0. 7 % ( good separation or resolution of large 5 – 10kb DNA fragments ) and 2 % ( good resolution for small 0. 2 – 1kb fragments ) agarose dissolved in electrophoresis buffer.
Viruses were known to be made up of a protein shell and DNA, so they chose two elemental isotopes to label each of these parts uniquely.
They made this proposal based on the structural similarity that exists between the two macromolecules, that is, both protein and DNA are linear sequences of amino acids and nucleotides respectively.
Transcription is when RNA is made from DNA.
There are numerous exceptions, however — some viruses have genomes made of double-stranded RNA and other viruses have single-stranded DNA genomes, and, in some circumstances, nucleic acid structures with three or four strands can form.
DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds.
In addition, non-polar interactions are made between protein side-chains and the deoxyribose groups, and an arginine side-chain intercalates into the DNA minor groove at all 14 sites where it faces the octamer surface.
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