Nucleic acid amplification tests ( NAAT ), such as polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), transcription mediated amplification ( TMA ), and the DNA strand displacement amplification ( SDA ) now are the mainstays.

In genetics, complementary DNA ( cDNA ) is DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase and the enzyme DNA polymerase.

# From the hairpin loop, a DNA polymerase can then use it as a primer to transcribe a complementary sequence for the ss cDNA.

* Polymerase chain reaction, a technique used in molecular biology to amplify ( make many copies of ) a piece of DNA by in vitro enzymatic replication using a DNA polymerase.

A DNA virus is a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

This is normally created from the viral DNA with the assistance of the host's own DNA polymerase.

Based on the analysis of the DNA polymerase the genus Dinodnavirus may be a member of the family Asfarviridae.

Examination of the pol genes that encode the DNA dependent DNA polymerase in various groups of viruses suggests a number of possible evolutionary relationships.

The DNA polymerase of mitochondria resembles that of the T odd phages ( Myoviridae ).

The ancestral genome was complex with at least 41 genes including ( 1 ) the replication machinery ( 2 ) up to four RNA polymerase subunits ( 3 ) at least three transcription factors ( 4 ) capping and polyadenylation enzymes ( 5 ) the DNA packaging apparatus ( 6 ) and structural components of an icosahedral capsid and the viral membrane.

In addition to DNA polymerase, the enzyme that synthesizes the new DNA by adding nucleotides matched to the template strand, a number of other proteins are associated with the fork and assist in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis.

The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), a common laboratory technique, employs such artificial synthesis in a cyclic manner to amplify a specific target DNA fragment from a pool of DNA.

Directionality has consequences in DNA synthesis, because DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA in only one direction by adding nucleotides to the 3 ' end of a DNA strand.

Inhibition of type I or type II topoisomerases interferes with both transcription and replication of DNA by upsetting proper DNA supercoiling.

* DNA ligase I: ligates the nascent DNA of the lagging strand after the Ribonuclease H has removed the RNA primer from the Okazaki fragments.

DNA viruses belong to either Group I or Group II of the Baltimore classification system for viruses.

Type I genomes are characterized by a small circular DNA genome ( approximately 2-kb ), with the Rep protein and the major open reading frame ( ORF ) in opposite orientations.

Meiosis generates genetic diversity in two ways: ( 1 ) independent alignment and subsequent separation of homologous chromosome pairs during the first meiotic division allows a random and independent selection of each chromosome segregates into each gamete ; and ( 2 ) physical exchange of homologous chromosomal regions by homologous recombination during prophase I results in new combinations of DNA within chromosomes.

During prophase I, DNA is exchanged between homologous chromosomes in a process called homologous recombination.

** DNA polymerase I

The RNA fragments are then removed by DNA polymerase I for prokaryotes or DNA polymerase δ for eukaryotes ( different mechanisms are used in eukaryotes and prokaryotes ) and new deoxyribonucleotides are added to fill the gaps where the RNA was present.

Naturally occurring restriction endonucleases are categorized into four groups ( Types I, II III, and IV ) based on their composition and enzyme cofactor requirements, the nature of their target sequence, and the position of their DNA cleavage site relative to the target sequence.

Type I restriction enzymes possess three subunits called HsdR, HsdM, and HsdS ; HsdR is required for restriction ; HsdM is necessary for adding methyl groups to host DNA ( methyltransferase activity ) and HsdS is important for specificity of the recognition ( DNA-binding ) site in addition to both restriction ( DNA cleavage ) and modification ( DNA methyltransferase ) activity.

The Mod subunit recognises the DNA sequence specific for the system and is a modification methyltransferase ; as such it is functionally equivalent to the M and S subunits of type I restriction endonuclease.

* Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs, B. Malyarchuk, T. Grzybowski, M. Derenko, M. Perkova, T. Vanecek, J. Lazur, P. Gomolcaknd I. Tsybovsky, Oxford Journals

Molecular nanowires are composed of repeating molecular units either organic ( e. g. DNA ) or inorganic ( e. g. Mo < sub > 6 </ sub > S < sub > 9-x </ sub > I < sub > x </ sub >).

< li > Type I coactivators ( i. e., coregulators ) are thought to influence AR transcriptional activity by facilitating DNA occupancy, chromatin remodeling, or the recruitment of general transcription factors associated with RNA polymerase II holocomplex.

A postmortem study comparing a DNA methyltransferase ( DNMT1 ) and Reelin mRNA expression in cortical layers I and V of schizophrenic patients and normal controls demonstrated that in the layer V both DNMT1 and Reelin levels were normal, while in the layer I DNMT1 was threefold higher, probably leading to the twofold decrease in the Reelin expression.

* Group I: viruses possess double-stranded DNA.

Other strategies that have progressed to phase I trials in uninfected persons include peptides, lipopeptides, DNA, an attenuated Salmonella vector, lipopeptides, p24, etc.

In 1967, Francis Crick, the co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, stated " And so to those of you who may be vitalists I would make this prophecy: what everyone believed yesterday, and you believe today, only cranks will believe tomorrow.

; Seibold, I .; Bednarek, W .; Brüning, H .; Gaucher, P .; Ristow, D .; Scharlau, W .; Schmidl, D. & Wink, Michael ( 1994 ): Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species ( genus Falco ) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene.

Abzymes are usually artificial constructs, but are also found in normal humans ( anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide autoantibodies ) and in patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, where they can bind to and hydrolyze DNA.

Base stacking interactions in DNA and RNA are due to dispersion attraction, short-range exchange repulsion, and electrostatic interactions, which also contribute to stability.

If the F-plasmid that is transferred has previously been integrated into the donor ’ s genome some of the donor ’ s chromosomal DNA may also be transferred with the plasmid DNA.

Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.

In addition to RNA and DNA a large number of artificial nucleic acid analogues have also been created to study the proprieties of nucleic acids, or for use in biotechnology.

DDT may be directly genotoxic, but may also induce enzymes to produce other genotoxic intermediates and DNA adducts.

The nucleic acid is usually double-stranded DNA ( dsDNA ) but may also be single-stranded DNA ( ssDNA ).

This isolate also appears to be related to the pig stool-associated single-stranded DNA virus.

The cell cycle ( mitosis ) also pertains to the DNA replication / reproduction process.

DNA replication can also be performed in vitro ( artificially, outside a cell ).

The energetics of this process also help explain the directionality of synthesis-if DNA were synthesized in the 3 ' to 5 ' direction, the energy for the process would come from the 5 ' end of the growing strand rather than from free nucleotides.

Even so, some DNA polymerases also have proofreading ability ; they can remove nucleotides from the end of a strand in order to correct mismatched bases.

In the single stranded DNA viruses-a group that includes the circoviruses, the geminiviruses, the parvoviruses and others-and also the many phages and plasmids that use the rolling circle replication ( RCR ) mechanism, the RCR endonuclease creates a nick the genome strand ( single stranded viruses ) or one of the DNA strands ( plasmids ).

This structure is also found in the catalytic domains of topoisomerase Ia, topoisomerase II, the OLD-family nucleases and DNA repair proteins related to the RecR protein.

DNA is also indirectly damaged by reactive oxygen species produced by ultraviolet A, which has energy too low to damage DNA directly.

Evidence from autosomal DNA also predominantly supports a Recent African origin.

Functional groups are also used to covalently link molecules such as fluorescent dyes, nanoparticles, proteins, DNA, and other compounds of interest for a variety of applications such as sensing and basic chemical research.

Many of his other novels, such as The Andromeda Strain and Jurassic Park, also incorporated large quantities of fabricated scientific documents in the form of diagrams, DNA sequences, footnotes and bibliography.

Helical diffraction theory turned out to also be useful for understanding the structure of DNA.

Given Pauling's recent success in discovering the Alpha helix, they feared that Pauling might also be the first to determine the structure of DNA.

Furberg's results had also provided the correct orientation of the DNA sugars with respect to the bases.