Another Summer of Night character, Dale's younger brother, Lawrence Stewart, appears as a minor character in Simmons ' thriller Darwin's Blade, while the adult Cordie Cooke appears in Fires of Eden.

Emma gave birth to Mary Eleanor on 23 September, and they were all getting on well – even Darwin's brother Erasmus who had said the place should be called " Down-in-the-Mouth " had altered his opinion, but they were saddened when baby Mary died on 16 October.

Another Summer of Night character, Dale's younger brother, Lawrence Stewart, appears as a minor character in Simmons ' thriller Darwin's Blade while the adult Cordie Cooke appears in Fires of Eden.

His maternal grandmother, Caroline Sarah Darwin, was Charles Darwin's older sister, and his maternal grandfather, Josiah Wedgwood III, was the older brother of Darwin's wife Emma.

Darwin's freethinking brother Erasmus was part of this Whig circle and a close friend of the writer Harriet Martineau who promoted the Malthusianism underlying the controversial Whig Poor Law reforms to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty, which were then being implemented piecemeal in the face of opposition to the new poorhouses.

Darwin's ideas fitted with the radical Unitarianism of his brother Erasmus's circle including Harriet Martineau, but were heretical to his Anglican friends in the scientific establishment.

After Darwin's Fertilisation of Orchids ( 1862 ) he spent years of work on orchids, sending observations to his brother Hermann and to Darwin.

One of his grandfathers, Erasmus Darwin, was a successful physician, and was followed in this by his sons Charles Darwin, who died while still a promising medical student at the University of Edinburgh in 1778, and Doctor Robert Darwin, Darwin's father, who named his son after his deceased brother.

In 1795, Charles Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, asked:

Venues included Erasmus Darwin's home in Lichfield, Matthew Boulton's home, Soho House, and Great Barr Hall.

Matthew Boulton and Erasmus Darwin met some time between 1757 and 1758, possibly through family connections, as Boulton's mother's family were patients of Darwin ; or possibly though shared friendships, as both were admirers of the printer John Baskerville and friends of the astronomer and geologist John Michell, a regular visitor to Darwin's house in Lichfield.

Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809.

Brown's other work included a criticism of Erasmus Darwin's Zoonomia ( 1798 ), and he was one of the first contributors to the Edinburgh Review, in the second number of which he published a criticism of Immanuel Kant's philosophy, based entirely on Villers's French account of it.

* Erasmus Darwin's Improved Design for Steering Carriages — And Cars, by Desmond King-Hele Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London © 2002 The Royal Society.

The frontispiece to Erasmus Darwin's evolution-themed poem The Temple of Nature shows a goddess pulling back the veil from nature ( in the person of Artemis ).

He contributed, in collaboration with Canning, The Loves of the Triangles, a clever parody of Erasmus Darwin's Loves of the Plants, The Needy Knife-Grinder and The Rovers.

Among early works exploring the idea of a transmutation of species was Erasmus Darwin's 1796 Zoönomia and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's Philosophie Zoologique of 1809.

It was Etty who had several passages from Charles Darwin's biography of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin, The Life of Erasmus Darwin, removed and probably had a similar hand in editing to similar effect The Autobiography of Charles Darwin.

He cited Erasmus Darwin's Zoönomia in his doctoral dissertation, a work which introduced the idea of evolution in poetical form.

The son of Erasmus Darwin, Robert Darwin was a noted physician from Shrewsbury, whose own income as a physician to the rich together with astute investment of his inherited wealth enabled him to fund his son Charles Darwin's place on the Voyage of the Beagle and then give him the private income needed to support Charles ' chosen vocation in natural history that led to the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution.

Erasmus Darwin's Commonplace Book dated 1777 – 1778 includes a design for a canal lift based on balanced water filled caissons on page 58-59

Grant developed Lamarck's and Erasmus Darwin's ideas of transmutation and evolutionism, investigating homology to prove common descent.

It used a 60 year old parody from the Anti-Jacobin of the prose of Darwin's grandfather Erasmus, implying old revolutionary sympathies.

There is no direct evidence linking Darwin to Benjamin Franklin's treatise " Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc .." However, Franklin was a friend and colleague of both Erasmus and Robert Darwin, and it has been suggested that this work may have influenced Darwin's study of Malthus ' belief on the relationship between population and subsistence.

" Ernst Krause's Erasmus Darwin countered this, and Butler took affront at Darwin's preface which said that Krause's essay predated Butler's book, when it clearly had passages written later.

Erasmus Darwin, Charles Darwin's paternal grandfather, helped influence Darwin's later Charles Darwin's views on religion | religious views.

Four of the Darwin's finches | 14 finch species found on the Galápagos Islands | Galápagos Archipelago, are thought to have evolved by an adaptive radiation that diversified their beak shapes to adapt them to different food sources.

It may also refer specifically to the role of Charles Darwin as opposed to others in the history of evolutionary thought — particularly contrasting Darwin's results with those of earlier theories such as Lamarckism or later ones such as the modern synthesis.

Darwin's influence on modern thought Crafoord Prize lecture, September 23, 1999.

Based on principles laid out by William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought.

It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile.

A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable.

" He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics ( which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism ), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse ; he wrote that he thought " there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them ; and that such modifications are inherited ", and that this also applied in nature.

It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.

The developers apparently thought he was simply Darwin's assistant, when in fact he was a prominent biologist in his own right.

Darwin's long-time critic St. George Mivart thought that the intermediate stages could have no selective value, and in the 6th edition of the Origin, Darwin made a concession to the possibility of acquired traits.

The species are so distinct that when Charles Darwin collected them in the islands he thought they were completely different birds, and it was only when he was back in London in 1837 that the ornithologist John Gould revealed that they were closely allied, reinforcing Darwin's growing view that “ species are not immutable .” The adaptations of their numerous species, in three genera, show diverging evolution to exploit several ecological niches in the rugged and dry Galápagos Islands.

The period of the history of evolutionary thought between Darwin's death in the 1880s and the foundation of population genetics in the 1920s, and the beginnings of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s is sometimes called the eclipse of Darwinism by some historians of science, because during that time many scientists and philosophers accepted the reality of evolution but doubted whether natural selection was the main evolutionary mechanism.

His work with rocks, erosion, and fossils would also lead him to the idea that the earth was much older than generally thought and formed part of the basis of Darwin's Theory of Evolution.

With Darwin's theory, this thought got a theoretical basis, and Tree of Life representations became popular in scientific works.

It included one of the earliest pieces of Islamic thought arguing against Darwin's then-recent On the Origin of Species ; however, his arguments incorrectly caricatured evolution, provoking criticism that he had not read Darwin's writings .< ref name =" glick1 "> The Comparative Reception of Darwinism, edited by Thomas Glick, ISBN 0-226-29977-5 </ i ></ ref > In his later work Khatirat Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani ( The Ideas of al-Afghani ), he accepted the validity of evolution, asserting that the Islamic world had already known and used it.

Gray denied that investigation of physical causes stood opposed to the theological view and the study of the harmonies between mind and Nature, and thought it " most presumable that an intellectual conception realized in Nature would be realized through natural agencies ".. Thomas Huxley, who strongly promoted Darwin's ideas while campaigning to end the dominance of science by the clergy, coined the term agnostic to describe his position that God's existence is unknowable, and Darwin also took this position, but evolution was also taken up by prominent atheists including Edward Aveling and Ludwig Büchner and it was criticised, in the words of one reviewer, as " tantamount to atheism ".

The debate over them was an important stage in the history of evolutionary thought and would influence the subsequent reaction to Darwin's theory.

As well as attacking Darwin's " disciples " Hooker and Huxley, he thought that the book symbolised the sort of " abuse of science to which a neighbouring nation, some seventy years since, owed its temporary degradation.

In private discussions with his cousin, " Hensleigh says the love of the deity & thought of him or eternity, only difference the mind of man & animals " which conflicted with Darwin's own experience with the " savages " of Tierra del Fuego.

( see Charles Darwin's views on religion ) He recalled Annie and thought of how, but for her untimely death, she would now " have grown into a delightful woman ... Tears still come into my eyes, when I think of her sweet ways ".

Marx thought this a hypocritical preference for a Christian oppressor, and complained about Darwin's support for the " piggish demonstration ".

He played a significant part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection in March 1837 when he confirmed that the giant Galápagos tortoises were native to the islands, not brought in by buccaneers for food as Darwin had thought.

Word association research started as a psychological science with Darwin's cousin, Sir Francis Galton, who thought that there might be a link between a person's I. Q.