Other names connected to the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate ; Charles Darwin, the biologist who discovered natural selection ; David Hume, a philosopher, economist and historian ; James Hutton, regarded as the " Father of Geology "; John Napier inventor of logarithms ; chemist and one of the founders of thermodynamics Joseph Black ; pioneering medical researchers Joseph Lister and James Young Simpson ; chemist and discoverer of the element nitrogen, Daniel Rutherford ; mathematician and developer of the Maclaurin series, Colin Maclaurin and Ian Wilmut, the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh.

In his autobiography, Darwin wrote that " The old argument of design in nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive, fails, now that the law of natural selection has been discovered ".

He became seriously ill and returned to his home at Turnhurst, Staffordshire, where Erasmus Darwin attended him and discovered that he was suffering from diabetes.

Darwin's finches are different closely related species which Darwin discovered on the Galapagos Islands.

Beebe also discovered a previously unknown bay on Tower Island in the Galápagos, which he named Darwin Bay, and documented the diversity of animal life that inhabited it.

Darwin Mounds describes a vast field of undersea sand mounds situated off the north west coast of Scotland, first discovered in May 1998, they provide a unique habitat for ancient deep water coral reefs.

The impressive South American conifer Fitzroya cupressoides is named after him as well as the Delphinus fitzroyi, a species of dolphin discovered by Darwin during his voyage aboard the Beagle.

Examples include Michael Faraday, who, with James Clerk Maxwell, unified the electric and magnetic forces in what are now known as Maxwell's equations ; James Joule, who worked extensively in thermodynamics and is often credited with the discovery of the principle of conservation of energy ; Paul Dirac, one of the pioneers of quantum mechanics ; naturalist Charles Darwin, author of On the Origin of Species and discoverer of the principle of evolution by natural selection ; Harold Kroto, the discoverer of buckminsterfullerene ; William Thomson ( Baron Kelvin ) who drew important conclusions in the field of thermodynamics and invented the Kelvin scale of absolute zero ; botanist Robert Brown discovered the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid ( Brownian motion ); and the creator of Bell's Theorem, John Stewart Bell.

The Dragon Seekers: how an extraordinary circle of fossilists discovered the dinosaurs and paved the way for Darwin.

Planet Gliese 581 d, discovered in 2007, was considered a good candidate for the Darwin project.

MIT's Great Dome Newton tower On every slab-sided cornice, like proclamations of faith needing no explanation, are chiseled Darwin, Newton, Aristotle and, in lesser letters, the names of the more numerous Lavoisiers and Eulers and Faradays who have discovered the chemical elements or evolved the equations or stumbled upon the fundamentals of nature.

Copernicus moved our home from centre of the universe to its periphery, Darwin relegated us to descent from an animal world and Freud discovered the unconscious and deconstructed the myth of a fully rational mind ( Ekstrom 2004 ).

This unusual plant, Darwin discovered, fired arrows with a sticky pollen head as the insects brushed past – to which Hooker responded " Do you really think I can believe all that!

It was the first discovered prehistoric bird preserved with teeth, and Charles Darwin noted its significance during the early years of the theory of evolution.

When he was in the eighth grade, he discovered Charles Darwin, and was caught reading The Origin of Species in church.

It was first described by French Zoologist André Marie Constant Duméril and his assistant Gabriel Bibron, and is named after Charles Darwin who discovered it in Chile during his world voyage on the HMS Beagle.

"</ i > Since Darwin discovered that the fossils of similar mammals of South America were different than those in Europe, he invoked many debates about the evolution and natural selection of animals.

They then fled Antarctica for unknown reasons, but, in the nineteenth century, a group of sailors travelling with Charles Darwin came to Antarctica and discovered the artefacts.

When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, the oldest animal fossils were those from the Cambrian Period, now known to be about 540 million years old.

Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent.

Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils.

Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils.

Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838.

Comparing characteristics of this basal angiosperm, other flowering plants and fossils may provide clues about how flowers first appeared — what Darwin called the " abominable mystery ".

Darwin described the perceived lack of transitional fossils as " the most obvious and gravest objection which can be urged against my theory ", but explained it by relating it to the extreme imperfection of the geological record.

A few of the Early Cambrian fossils were already known in the mid-19th century, and Charles Darwin saw the apparently sudden appearance and diversification of animals as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.

corresponded with Smith about how the large animals in South Africa lived on sparse vegetation, showing that a lack of luxuriant vegetation did not explain the extinction of the giant creatures whose fossils Darwin had found in South America.

Lyell's second volume explained extinctions as a " succession of deaths " due to changed circumstances with new species then being created, but Darwin found giant fossils of extinct mammals with no geological signs of a " diluvial debacle " or environmental change, and so rejected Lyell's explanation in favour of Giovanni Battista Brocchi's idea that species had somehow aged and died out.

Darwin wrote to his sister Caroline that " fossils are turning out great treasures " and of the Toxodon, " There is another head, as large as a Rhinoceros which as far as they can guess, must have been a gnawing animal.

Lyell uncomfortably joked that from " Lamarck's view " this gave a long time " for their tails to wear off ", but Darwin was beginning to look at these " wonderful " fossils in an evolutionary light.

In mid-July 1837 Darwin began a notebook on " transmutation of Species ", his " B " notebook, having been " greatly struck from about month of previous March on character of S. American fossils — & species on Galapagos Archipelago.

Charles Darwin was one of the first to collect Toxodon fossils, after paying 18 pence for a T. platensis skull from a farmer in Uruguay.

Owen's first surprising revelation was that a hippopotamus sized fossil skull 2 feet 4 inches ( 710 mm ) long which Darwin had bought for about two shillings near Mercedes while on a " galloping " trip 120 miles ( 190 km ) from Montevideo was of an extinct rodent-like creature resembling a giant capybara, which Owen named Toxodon.

But when Lyell wrote that it remained a profound mystery how the huge gulf between man and beast could be bridged, Darwin wrote " Oh!

However, one thing was clear: whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations, Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection.

The Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, authored by Robert Chambers in St Andrews and published anonymously in England in 1844, proposed a theory which combined radical phrenology with Lamarckism, causing political controversy for its radicalism and unorthodoxy, but exciting popular interest and preparing a huge and prosperous audience for Darwin.

It covers a rather vaguely defined area of perhaps 400, 000 square kilometres behind the northern coast from the Northern Territory capital of Darwin across to Arnhem Land with the Indian Ocean on the west, the Arafura Sea to the north, and the Gulf of Carpentaria to the east, and with the almost waterless semi-arid interior of Australia to the south, beyond the huge Kakadu National Park.

A general strike led to huge demonstrations all over London, but was crushed by troops by the time Darwin moved.

Darwin's cousin William Darwin Fox remained a mainstay, warning him against overworking on his huge book and recommending a holiday, but Darwin was immersed in his experiments and his writing.

Darwin was visited in October 1866 by the zoologist Ernst Haeckel, who over the years had built support for Darwin in Germany, now getting huge classes at Jena for his lectures on Darwinismus.

" But when Lyell wrote that it remained a profound mystery how the huge gulf between man and beast could be bridged, Darwin wrote " Oh!

To cope with the demands of the trial and the huge media contingent covering the trial proceedings, the Darwin branch of the Northern Territory Supreme Court was refitted at a cost of A $ 900, 000 .< ref >