Depending on the definition, the term may apply only to isolated atoms, or also to atoms in condensed matter, covalently bound in molecules, or in ionized and excited states ; and its value may be obtained through experimental measurements, or computed from theoretical models.

Depending on the definition, the term may apply only to isolated atoms, or also to atoms in condensed matter, covalently bound in molecules, or in ionized and excited states ; and its value may be obtained through experimental measurements, or computed from theoretical models.

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