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Domitian firmly believed in the traditional Roman religion, and personally saw to it that ancient customs and morals were observed throughout his reign.
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Domitian and believed
In addition to exercising absolute political power, Domitian believed the Emperor's role encompassed every aspect of daily life, guiding the Roman people as a cultural and moral authority.
The work is believed to have continued up to the death of Domitian on September 18, 96.
It is believed that around 98 A. D. the Romans secured the area in south-western Germany conquered by Domitian ( called the Dekumatland ) by the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes, a system of castella built every 12-15 kilometres.
Domitian and traditional
The traditional theory holds that John the Apostle — considered to have written the Gospel and the epistles of John — was exiled on Patmos in the Aegean archipelago during the reign of Domitian, and there wrote Revelation.
Domitian made himself extremely unpopular by his autocratic manner, which was a departure from the traditional fiction that the Emperor was merely first among equals ( primus inter pares ).
Domitian and Roman
Domitian (; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96 ) was Roman Emperor from 81 to 96.
As Emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage, expanded the border defenses of the Empire, and initiated a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome.
As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people and army but considered a tyrant by members of the Roman Senate.
After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories propagating the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant.
In the meantime, Domitian acted as the representative of the Flavian family in the Roman Senate.
While ceremonial, these offices no doubt gained Domitian valuable experience in the Roman Senate, and may have contributed to his later reservations about its relevance.
The question of whether Domitian left the Roman Empire in debt or with a surplus at the time of his death has been fiercely debated.
Upon his accession, Domitian revalued the Roman currency by increasing the silver content of the denarius by 12 %.
Domitian is also credited on the easternmost Roman evidence known, the rock inscription near Boyukdash mountain, in present-day Azerbaijan.
The most significant threat the Roman Empire faced during the reign of Domitian arose from the northern provinces of Illyricum, where the Suebi, the Sarmatians and the Dacians continuously harassed Roman settlements along the Danube river.
In order to avert having to conduct a war on two fronts, Domitian agreed to terms of peace with Decebalus, negotiating free access of Roman troops through the Dacian region while granting Decebalus an annual subsidy of 8 million sesterces.
Roman aureus minted under Domitian.
Upon the death of Domitian, Nerva was proclaimed Emperor by the Roman Senate | Senate.
Other influential 2nd century authors include Juvenal and Pliny the Younger, the latter of whom was a friend of Tacitus and in 100 delivered his famous Panygericus Traiani before Trajan and the Roman Senate, exalting the new era of restored freedom while condemning Domitian as a tyrant.
Much more than a " gloomy coda to the ... 1st century " the Roman Empire prospered between 81 and 96, in a reign which Theodor Mommsen described as the sombre but intelligent despotism of Domitian.
His contemporary Suetonius wrote biographies of the 12 Roman rulers from Julius Caesar through Domitian.
Writing during the reign of the Emperor Domitian ( AD 81 – 96 ), the Roman poet Martial expressed his admiration for Otho's choice to spare the Empire from civil war through sacrificing himself:
For between Nero and Domitian there is no mention of any persecution of the Roman Church ; and Irenaeus ( 1. c., III, iv, 3 ) from among the early Roman bishops designates only Telesphorus as a glorious martyr.
The Catholic Encyclopedia has noted that Revelation was " written during the latter part of the reign of the Roman Emperor Domitian, probably in A. D. 95 or 96 ".
* 81 – Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
* 96 – Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated.
Domitian and personally
Domitian then wrote to Cerialis personally, suggesting he hand over command of his army but, once again, he was snubbed.
Domitian quickly launched a counteroffensive, personally travelling to the region accompanied by a large force commanded by his praetorian prefect Cornelius Fuscus.
After this attack, the Roman emperor Domitian personally arrived in Moesia and reorganized it in 87 AD into two provinces, divided by the river Cebrus ( Ciabrus ): to the west Moesia Superior-Upper Moesia, ( meaning up river ) and to the east Moesia Inferior-Lower Moesia ( also called Ripa Thracia ), ( from the Danube river's mouth and then upstream ).
Domitian and ancient
While in the mid-19th century it was customary to identify him as a freedman of Titus Flavius Clemens, who was consul with his cousin, the Emperor Domitian, this identification, which no ancient sources suggest, then lost support.
Aldus adapted the image from the reverse of ancient Roman coins issued during the reigns of the Emperors Titus and Domitian, AD 80-82.
According to ancient sources, Domitian used at least twelve thousands talents of gold for the gilding of the bronze roof tiles alone.
Domitian and were
The Bastarnae were perhaps involved in the Dacian Wars of Domitian ( 86-88 ) and Trajan ( 101-102 and 105-106 ), since these took place in the lower Danube region and it is known that both sides were supported by neighbouring indigenous tribes.
Significant wars were fought in Britain, where his general Agricola attempted to conquer Caledonia ( Scotland ), and in Dacia, where Domitian was unable to procure a decisive victory against king Decebalus.
Although little information survives of the battles fought, enough early victories were apparently achieved for Domitian to be back in Rome by the end of 83, where he celebrated an elaborate triumph and conferred upon himself the title of Germanicus.
Reinforcements were needed, and in 87 or 88, Domitian ordered a large-scale strategic withdrawal of troops in the British province.
However, not only did he reject the title of Dominus during his reign, but since he issued no official documentation or coinage to this effect, historians such as Brian Jones contend that such phrases were addressed to Domitian by flatterers who wished to earn favors from the emperor.
According to Suetonius, some were convicted for corruption or treason, others on trivial charges, which Domitian justified through his suspicion:
The Senate nonetheless rejoiced at the death of Domitian, and immediately following Nerva's accession as Emperor, passed damnatio memoriae on his memory: his coins and statues were melted, his arches were torn down and his name was erased from all public records.
Domitian and, over a century later Publius Septimius Geta, were the only emperors known to have officially received a damnatio memoriae, though others may have received de facto ones.
In many instances, existing portraits of Domitian, such as those found on the Cancelleria Reliefs, were simply recarved to fit the likeness of Nerva, which allowed quick production of new images and recycling of previous material.
The classic view of Domitian is usually negative, since most of the antique sources were related to the Senatorial or aristocratic class, with which Domitian had a notoriously difficult relation.
Hostile views of Domitian were propagated until well into the early 20th century, before archeological and numismatic advances brought renewed attention to his reign, and necessitated a revision of the literary tradition established by Tacitus and Pliny.
If Christians were persecuted, it is likely to have been part of Domitian ’ s larger policy suppressing all opposition to his self-proclaimed divinity.
In 87 AD Emperor Domitian sent six legions into Dacia, which were defeated at Tapae.
By the late 1st century AD, the Colliseum had been built to host most of the city's gladiator shows and smaller beast-hunts, and most track-athletes competed at the purpose-designed Stadium of Domitian, though long-distance foot races were still held at the Circus.
These were Domitian whose violent death in 96 ended the Flavian Dynasty, the co-emperor Publius Septimius Geta, whose memory was publicly expunged by his co-emperor brother Caracalla after he murdered him in 211, and in 311 Maximian, who was captured by Constantine the Great and then encouraged to commit suicide.
To further honor and glorify the Flavian dynasty, foundations were laid for what would later become the Temple of Vespasian and Titus, which was finished by Domitian.
Eventually Domitian reaffirmed that Roman citizens were forbidden to practice eviratio ( castration ).
Quintilian had also survived under several emperors ; the reigns of Vespasian and Titus were relatively peaceful, but Domitian was reputed to be difficult even at the best of times.
The abuses reappeared under Domitian ; the delators, with whom Vespasian had not interfered, although he had abolished trials for majestas, were again banished by Trajan, and threatened with capital punishment in an edict of Constantine ; but delating lasted till the end of the 4th century.
Modern historians consider this highly implausible however, noting that many of these stories were propagated by hostile senatorial authors, who condemned Domitian as a tyrant after his death.
Domitian went to war against the Chatti in 83-85, who were north of Frankfurt ( in Hesse named after them ).
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