Duesberg's claim that recreational drug use, rather than HIV, was the cause of AIDS has been specifically examined and found to be false.

Several studies have specifically addressed Duesberg's claim that recreational drug abuse or sexual promiscuity were responsible for the manifestations of AIDS.

* it is abundantly evident that HIV causes disease and death in hemophiliacs, a group generally lacking Duesberg's proposed risk factors.

" That same year, Science published Blattner, Gallo, and Temin's HIV causes AIDS, and Peter Duesberg's HIV is not the cause of AIDS.

The scientific community considers that Duesberg's arguments are the result of cherry-picking predominantly outdated scientific data and selectively ignoring evidence in favour of HIV's role in AIDS.

Because reported AIDS cases in Africa and other parts of the developing world include a larger proportion of people who do not belong to Duesberg's preferred risk groups of drug addicts and male homosexuals, Duesberg writes on his website that " There are no risk groups in Africa, like drug addicts and homosexuals ," However, many studies have addressed the issue of risk groups in Africa and concluded that the risk of AIDS is not equally distributed.

The medical and scientific consensus is that Duesberg's hypothesis is pseudoscience, HIV having been conclusively proven to be the cause of AIDS and that global warming is occurring because of human activities .< ref name = Beyond >

Duesberg's publication coincided with the start of major public health campaigns and the development of zidovudine ( AZT ) as a treatment for HIV / AIDS.

266, No. 5191 ), Duesberg's methods and claims were evaluated in a group of articles.

Juicing proponents claim that juicing can maximize nutrient intake, fight disease, strengthen cellular defense against free radicals, alleviate pain, encourage weight-loss, and decrease the need for medication.

They claim that strict liability causes consumers to under invest in care even when they are the least-cost avoiders.

Michael Argyle and others claim that there is little or no evidence that religion ever causes mental disorders.

ECT doctors claim it may " jumpstart the brain ", helping boost neurotransmission, while others like Peter Breggin, claim it causes the " euphoric " effects similar to the effects found in " closed head injury " or people with fresh traumatic brain injury.

Furthermore they claim several wars between democratic states have been averted only by causes other than ones covered by democratic peace theory.

Critics of the effort claim that it creates hardship primarily for the coca growers, many of whom are poor and have no viable alternative way to make a living, causes environmental problems, that it is not effective in reducing the supply of cocaine, in part because cultivation can move to other areas, and that any social harm created by drug abuse is only made worse by the war on drugs.

Environmental medicine specialists claim MCS causes negative health effects in multiple organ systems, and respiratory distress, seizures, cognitive dysfunction, heart arrhythmia, nausea, headache, and fatigue can result from exposure to levels of common chemicals that are normally deemed as safe.

This sometimes causes disruption in the event that a catch is taken and both the bowler and fielder involved will claim it's their turn to bat.

This claim is supported by the same reasoning as that for causal relations above, and by the observation that even rationally inexperienced or inferior people can infer, for example, that touching fire causes pain.

Another urban myth about the coin is that putting it in the freezer overnight causes the cupro-nickel centre to pop out, a claim which had been true of some early mintings of the similarly bimetallic Canadian 2 dollar coin.

In addition, these authors claim that doctors sometimes use the mnemonic device AEIOU-TIPS to recall portions of the differential diagnosis: Alcohol ingestion and acidosis, Epilepsy and encephalopathy, Infection, Opiates, Uremia, Trauma, Insulin overdose or inflammatory disorders, Poisoning and psychogenic causes, and Shock.

# Identify all other harmful factors that have equal or better claim to be called " root causes.

# What are the other harmful factors that have equal or better claim to be called " root causes?

In response to the philosopher's claim that the created order is governed by secondary efficient causes ( God being, as it were, the Primary and Final Cause in an ontological and logical sense ), Ghazali argues that what we observe as regularity in nature based presumably upon some natural law is actually a kind of constant and continual regularity.

According to Oldson, the claim that Jews were economic " vampires " was entirely unsubstantiated, even hypocritical: " was a Moldavian and fully aware of the complex causes of that province's poverty ".

The causes of the problems are debated by the various actors, but a significant factor appears to be a claim by McCarten's faction that the Alliance was giving too much away to the Labour Party.

Researchers at Saint Louis University claim an extract from bitter melon, commonly eaten and known as karela in India, causes a chain of events which helps to kill breast cancer cells and prevents them from multiplying.

The first of the scriptural geologists, " Kidd argued in his book A Geological Essay on the Imperfect Evidences in Support of a Theory of the Earth, on philosophical grounds, that a science of observation cannot claim certainty for its inferences as to causes, and that consequently theoretical geology cannot stand against an indisputable authority such as revelation.

Some researchers, while accepting the empirical findings of democratic peace, have looked for alternate explanations other than simply the direct claim that democracy causes peace.

One general criticism motivating research of different explanations is that actually the theory cannot claim that " democracy causes peace ", because the evidence for democracies being, in general, more peaceful is very slight or non existent ; it only can support the claim that " joint democracy causes peace ".

Amaterasu's insistence in her claim drives Susanoo to violent campaigns that reach their climax when he hurls a half-flayed pony ( an animal sacred to Amaterasu ) into Amaterasu's weaving hall and causes the death of one of her attendants.

The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim, associated with University of California, Berkeley professor Peter Duesberg, that various non-infectious factors such as recreational and pharmaceutical drug use are the cause of AIDS, and that HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus ) is merely a harmless passenger virus.

With the subsequent development of protease inhibitors and highly active antiretroviral therapy, numerous studies have documented the fact that anti-HIV drugs prevent the development of AIDS and substantially prolong survival, further disproving the claim that these drugs " cause " AIDS.

The teaching has been criticized by development organizations and others who claim that it limits the methods available to fight worldwide population growth and struggle against AIDS.

However, several other sources including the Institute of Radiation Physics and The New York Times refuted that claim, insisting that Arafat's record indicated that it was highly unlikely that the cause of his death was AIDS.

AIDS activists allege redlining of health insurance against the LGBT community in response to the AIDS crisis, though no evidence exists to support this claim.

* Nobel Peace Prize laureate and environmental activist Wangari Maathai was asked by a Time magazine interviewer if she stood by a previous alleged claim that " AIDS is a biological weapon manufactured by the developed world to wipe out the black race ".

Meanwhile, he is happy to claim credit for " predicting " the rise of AIDS or global warming.

In 1991 – 1995 Dingell's staff investigated claims that Robert Gallo had used samples supplied to him by Luc Montagnier to fraudulently claim to have discovered the AIDS virus.

The study was carried out at the University of North Carolina Center for Infectious Diseases and the University of North Carolina Center for AIDS Research, but will need to be replicated in other clinical and laboratory studies at other institutions, such as other hospitals and universities, to be considered as admissible scientific evidence, not least because a claim that a bodily fluid can kill the AIDS virus would be considered a scientific novelty and breakthrough of large proportions ( human breast milk can also transmit the virus ).

Root-Bernstein suggests that HIV, while involved in the development of AIDS, may be no more important than " co-factors ": " Both the camp that says HIV is a pussycat and the people who claim AIDS is all HIV are wrong.

The story describes the beginnings of the AIDS crisis in the early 1980s, as the disease began to claim members of the New York cultural elite.