During the pontificate of Pius IX a strong Ultramontane movement arose against the French Breviaries of 1680 and 1736.

During the pontificate of Pope Paul III the Council fathers met for the first through eighth sessions in Trent ( 1545 – 7 ), and for the ninth through eleventh sessions in Bologna ( 1547 ).

During his short pontificate he played the part of a peacemaker ; he came to terms with the Emperor Frederick I in the vexing question of the appointment to the See of Magdeburg and closed the long quarrel, which had raged through four pontificates, about the appointment of William Fitzherbert ( commonly known as Saint William of York ) to the see of York by sending him the pallium in spite of the continued opposition of the powerful Cistercian order.

During the pontificate of Honorius, many of the tertiary orders first came into existence.

During his pontificate he largely continued to pursue the pro-French political policy of his predecessor, Pope Martin IV.

During the first few months of his pontificate he lived in the Vatican, but in the autumn of 1285 he removed to the magnificent palace he had just erected on the Aventine.

During his pontificate, in October 312, Constantine defeated Maxentius and assumed control over Rome.

During the pontificate of Boniface, Mellitus, the first Bishop of London, went to Rome " to consult the pope on important matters relative to the newly established English Church ".

During his pontificate, he added a new chapel to the Papal Palace and dedicated it to St. Peter.

During the previous pontificate the Jesuits had been expelled from Portugal and from all the Bourbon courts: France, Spain, Naples, and Parma ; now the general suppression of the order was urged by the faction called the " court cardinals ", who were opposed by the diminished pro-Jesuit faction, the Zelanti (" zealous "), who were generally opposed to the encroaching secularism of the Enlightenment.

During the pontificate of Pope Constantine Gregory was made a papal secretary, and accompanied him to Constantinople in 711 to deal with the issues raised by Rome ’ s rejection of the canons of the Quinisext Council.

During his pontificate vigorous measures were taken against the heresies which had broken out in Germany, England, and other parts of Europe ; a sincere effort was also made to cause a reformation in the various monastic orders.

During his pontificate, Gregory fostered cultural patronages associated with his papacy.

During the pontificate of Pope Zachary, he was ordained a priest, after which the pope decided to keep him to work at the Lateran Palace.

He was ordained as a subdeacon by Pope Marinus I, followed by his being raised to the deaconate by Pope Stephen V. During the pontificate of Pope Formosus ( 891 – 896 ), he was a member of the party of nobles who supported the Emperor Lambert, who was the opponent of Formosus and the pope ’ s preferred imperial candidate, Arnulf of Carinthia.

During his pontificate, the Byzantine emperor John V Palaeologus offered to submit the Greek church to the Roman See on condition of assistance against John VI Cantacuzenus.

During his pontificate, Catholicism was provisionally restored in England under Queen Mary in 1553.

During nearly the whole of his pontificate, Eugene III was unable to reside in Rome.

During his brief pontificate, Leo granted the canons of Bologna a special papal bull ( epistola tuitionis ) where he exempted them from the payment of taxes.

During his brief pontificate, Leo confirmed the decisions of the Synod of Split.

During the pontificate of his political enemy Gregory XIII ( 1572 – 85 ,) Cardinal Montalto, as he was generally called, lived in enforced retirement, occupied with the care of his property, the Villa Montalto, erected by Domenico Fontana close to his beloved church on the Esquiline Hill, overlooking the Baths of Diocletian.

During the 17-year pontificate of Zephyrinus, the young Church endured severe persecution under the Emperor Severus until his death in the year 211.

During his pontificate the schism of Hippolytus of Rome came to an end.

During his pontificate, anti-Christian measures increased, although new churches were built and cemeteries were expanded.

During his five-month visit abroad, Jorda recently conducted the Orchestre Philharmonique De Bordeau in France, and the Santa Cecilia Orchestra in Rome.

During the struggle of the Aetolians against Rome, it stood a stubborn siege, including the first known use of poison gas against the Romans ' siege tunnels.

During Virgil's time Aeneas was well-known and various versions of his adventures were circulating in Rome, including Roman Antiquities by Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( relying on Marcus Terentius Varro, Ab Urbe Condita by Livy ( probably dependent on Quintus Fabius Pictor, fl.

During the Julio-Claudian period, the Temple of Rome and Augustus, a small, round edifice, about 23 meters from the Parthenon, was to be the last significant ancient construction on the summit of the rock.

During his career he also spent time writing works for opera houses in Venice, Rome, and Paris.

During the University strike of 1229, Alexander participated in an embassy to Rome to discuss the place of Aristotle in the curriculum.

During Pope Shenouda III's visit to Rome from 4 to 10 May 1973, Pope Paul VI gave the Coptic Patriarch a relic of Athanasius, which he brought back to Egypt on 15 May.

During the republic, six or eight were generally elected each year to serve judicial functions throughout Rome and other governmental responsibilities.

During the Jewish-Roman wars, he was likely taken under the care of his uncle Titus Flavius Sabinus II, at the time serving as city prefect of Rome ; or possibly even Marcus Cocceius Nerva, a loyal friend of the Flavians and the future successor to Domitian.

During their time in Rome, Fermi and his group made important contributions to many practical and theoretical aspects of physics.

During triumphs ( public celebrations held in Rome after a military conquest ) heroic soldiers — those who had suffered injury in battle — carried fasces in procession.

During the autumn of 169 AD when Roman troops were returning to Aquileia, the great plague broke out and the emperor summoned Galen back to Rome.

During the next decade, Palestrina held positions similar to his Julian Chapel appointment at other chapels and churches in Rome, notably St John Lateran, ( 1555 – 1560 – a post previously held by Lassus ) and Sta Maria Maggiore ( 1561 – 1566 ).

During the twenty year period following the reversion of the frontier to Hadrian's Wall, Rome was concerned with continental issues, primarily problems in the Danube provinces.

During this time, he lived at the Seleucid court, where he acted as military adviser to Antiochus III in his war against Rome.

" During that same year, the Greek cities in Sicily were induced to revolt against Roman political control, while the Macedonian king, Philip V, pledged his support to Hannibal – thus initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome.

During his conflict with Pskov, a monk named Filofei ( Philotheus of Pskov ) composed a letter to Ivan III, with the prophecy that the latter's kingdom will be the Third Rome.

During the spring of 56 BC, the Triumvirs held a conference, as Rome was in turmoil and Caesar's political alliance was coming undone.

During this period the city of Rome changed hands three more times, first taken and depopulated by the Ostrogoths in December 546, then reconquered by the Byzantines in 547, and then again by the Goths in January 550.

During the reign of Antoninus Pius ( 138-161 ), he arrived in Rome and started his own school.

During the Third Macedonian War, thirty-five vessels allied to Rome, carrying about 1, 000 Galatian troops, as well as a number of horses, were sent by Eumenes II to his brother Attalus.

During the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France ( 1309 – 1377 ), the feudal lords ' power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome.

During the process leading up to elections in October 1994, the United States served as a significant financier and member of the most important commissions established to monitor implementation of the Rome General Peace Accords.

During the Sicilian war against Sextus Pompeius in 36, Maecenas was sent back to Rome, and was entrusted with supreme administrative control in the city and in Italy.

During the eulogy he also read Caesar's will, which left most of his property to the people of Rome: whatever Caesar's real intentions had been, Antony presumably meant to demonstrate that contrary to the conspirators ' assertions, Caesar had no intention of forming a royal dynasty.