During the 17th century, practical alchemy started to evolve into modern chemistry, as it was renamed by Robert Boyle, the " father of modern chemistry ".< ref name =" Deem, Rich 2005 ">

During the 17th century, English emigration to the British colonies in North America was at its peak, and the new settlers took the English language with them.

During the 17th century, under the reign of Christian IV, it became a significant regional centre.

During the 17th and 18th centuries coin collecting remained a pursuit of the well-to-do.

During the 17th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor, ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use, and by the mid-19th century armor had mainly fallen into disuse, although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection against lances and sabres and some protection against shot.

During the time of colonial expansion in the 17th century, the true progenitors of the modern corporation emerged as the " chartered company ".

During the peak of the age of sail, beginning in the early 17th century, it has been customary ( and later a legal requirement ) for ships to carry flags designating their nationality ; these flags eventually evolved into the national flags and maritime flags of today.

During the 17th century, the French fabulist Jean de La Fontaine ( 1621 – 1695 ) saw the soul of the fable in the moral — a rule of behavior.

During the 17th century, the Caribs fought against the Spanish settlers and repelled them.

During most of the 18th century Spain had arrested its relative decline of the latter part of the 17th century.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, a large advancement of scientific progress known as the Scientific Revolution took place in Europe.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, not much is known about Bornu.

During the 17th century, a Lunda chief and warrior called Mwata Kazembe set up an Eastern Lunda kingdom in the valley of the Luapula River.

During the 17th century, the basic tenets of the Grotian or eclectic school, especially the doctrines of legal equality, territorial sovereignty, and independence of states, became the fundamental principles of the European political and legal system and were enshrined in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.

During the 17th century, Rabbi Yitzchak Luria of Safed and his disciples created a short seder, called Hemdat ha ‑ Yamim, reminiscent of the seder that Jews observe on Passover, that explores the holiday's Kabbalistic themes.

During the 17th through 19th centuries, a woman expressing passionate love for another woman was fashionable, accepted, and encouraged.

During the 17th century keyboard and lute music went hand in hand, and by 1700 lutenists were writing suites of dances quite akin to those of keyboard composers.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, processed maple sap was used primarily as a source of concentrated sugar, in both liquid and crystallized-solid form, as cane sugar had to be imported from the West Indies.

During the Counter Reformation and Baroque periods ( late 16th and 17th centuries ), the cult of Mary Magdalene saw a great, new popularity as the Catholic Church publicized her as an attractive, persusasive model of repentance and reform, in keeping with the goals of the reform Council of Trent ( 1545 – 63 ).

During the early 17th century, a curious cultural and literary cult of melancholia arose in England.

During the 17th Century there was the Acadian Civil War ( 1640-45 ).

During the 17th and 18th centuries, massive deforestation was undertaken by the planters as the land was initially cleared for sugar cultivation.

During the 17th century, the Algonquians and Hurons fought a bitter war against the Iroquois.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary ( modern Slovakia ) and the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south ; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east ; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa.

During the 18th century, again, at Hyderabad ( Sind ), two envoys, sent by the Jodhpur chief in regard to a quarrel between the two states, stabbed the prince and twenty-six of his suite before they themselves fell.

During the 18th century there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich, Johannes Grubenmann, and others.

During the 18th century, systems of classification were developed that are comparable to diagnostic keys, where taxa are artificially grouped in pairs.

During its lone Major League season, the team played at Lloyd Street Grounds, between 16th and 18th Streets in Milwaukee.

During much of the 18th century, Ouaddai resisted reincorporation into Darfur.

During the 18th century, jewelers began making pieces with inexpensive glass.

In 1704 like the rest of the tercios, the Spanish dragoons were reorganised into regiments by Felipe V. During the 18th century several additional regiments of dragoons were created in the Spanish Americas, some of them to function as a police force.

During the 18th and 19th centuries Emsworth was still a busy little port.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, French cuisine assimilated many new food items from the New World.

During the 18th century gunpowder factories became increasingly dependent on mechanical energy.

During his lifetime and the later half of the 18th century Telemann was very highly regarded by colleagues and critics alike.

During the 18th century, Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 – 1723 ) discovered " animalcules " in the sperm of humans and other animals.

During the late 18th century and early 19th century, there was considerable social upheaval as a largely agrarian society was transformed by technological advances and increasing mechanization, which was the Industrial Revolution.

During the later part of the 18th century, the Commonwealth attempted fundamental internal reforms.

During the 18th century, it became a center of Islamic learning.

During the late 18th century it gradually disappeared from the musical scene with the rise of the fortepiano.

Many Irish servicemen, particularly sailors, settled in Britain: During the 18th and 19th century a third of the Army and Royal Navy were Irish.

During the 18th century, Dutch East India Company possessions were increasingly focused on the East Indies.

During the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact negotiations, Ribbentrop was overjoyed by a report from his Ambassador in Moscow, Count Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg, of a speech by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin before the 18th Party Congress in March 1939 that was strongly anti-Western, which Schulenburg reported meant that the Soviet Union might be seeking an accord with Germany.

During the 18th century, the relation of a mile of 6000 ( geometric ) feet, or a minute of arc on the earth surface had been advanced as a universal measure for land and sea.