During the Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe.

During the first 80 years the French and Acadians were in Nova Scotia, there were nine significant battles as the English and Scottish ( later British ), Dutch and French fought for possession of the colony.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the shorter smallsword became an essential fashion accessory in European countries and the New World, though in some places such as the Scottish Highlands large swords as the basket-hilted broadsword were preferred, and most wealthy men and military officers carried one slung from a belt.

During the reign of Rama III ( 1824 – 1851 ,) a Scottish trader had experimental coins struck in England at the king's behest, Though not adopted for use, the name of the country put on these first coins was Muang Thai, not Siam.

During the journey to Scotland in 1580 and during his second stay there he was organizing transports of Scottish youths to be trained in Polish schools.

During the 1990s, various American and Scottish publishers ( most notably Rebel Inc .) reissued his originally pseudonymous Olympia Press novels and a retrospective of his articles for Merlin and others, A Life in Pieces ( 1997 ), was issued in response to revived interest in his life and work by a younger generation.

During the 15th century, the abbey guesthouse was developed into a royal residence, and after the Scottish Reformation the Palace of Holyroodhouse was expanded further.

During the negotiations, Edward stayed briefly at Edinburgh Castle, and may have received homage from Scottish nobles at the castle.

During the 19th century, several schemes were put forward for rebuilding the whole castle as a Scottish Baronial style château.

During the reign of Louis XV there were also an Irish Scottish ( Garde Écossaise ), a Swedish ( Royal-Suédois ), an Italian ( Royal-Italien ) and a Walloon ( Horion-Liegeois ) regiments recruited outside the borders of France.

During the 16th century Scottish immigrants began to come in large numbers ( Dun, Huyson, and Nikielson ).

During the era of Romanticism, when knowledge of Celtic culture was overlaid by legends and fictions, the word was reintroduced into the West Germanic languages, this time directly into the English language, in the sense of ' lyric poet ', idealised by writers such as the Scottish romantic novelist Sir Walter Scott.

During the Ancien Régime, French baronies were very much like Scottish ones.

During the Second World War, Scottish Aviation was involved in aircraft fitting for the war effort.

During this siege, the famed Scottish captain of the Royal Navy Thomas Cochrane assisted the Spanish by putting his men into Castell de la Trinitat to help defend the town.

During the Wars of Scottish Independence the Hamilton family initially supported the English and Walter fitz Gilbert ( the head of the Hamilton family ) was governor of Bothwell Castle on behalf of the English.

During one voyage in 1830 he was wrecked on the Scottish coast near Leith, as a result of which he came into contact with Edinburgh architect James Gillespie Graham, who advised him to abandon seafaring for architecture.

During the first 80 years the French and Acadians were in Acadia, there were ten significant battles as the English, Scottish, Dutch and French fought for possession of the colony.

During this operation it was widely reported that the Catholic forces killed many of the Swedish and Scottish soldiers while they were surrendering.

During the Wars of Scottish Independence the Clan Ross fought against the English at the Battle of Dunbar ( 1296 ) where their chief, the Earl of Ross was captured.

During the Civil War at the Battle of Carbisdale the Clan Ross and Clan Munro fought on the side of the Scottish Government, then led by the Duke of Argyll.

During the war of Scottish Independence the English army took over the old castle at Sanquhar.

During his time with Dundee and Arsenal, Ure also made 11 appearances for the Scottish national team.

During the English Civil War, the city of York was under siege from Scottish and Parliamentarian Armies.

During the English Reformation the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church, at first temporarily under Henry VIII and Edward VI and later permanently during the reign of Elizabeth I.

During the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation, he dedicated mostly to architecture ; paintings of the period, showing his increasing attention to architecture, include the Nativity of the Virgin.

During the Reformation, in 1528, its twelve altars and accompanying pictures were destroyed.

During the Protestant Reformation, some of the municipalities converted to the new faith.

During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that made the nation Calvinist, with a strong Presbyterian Church.

During the next centuries, France experienced the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, as well as recurring religious conflicts and wars with other powers.

* During the Protestant Reformation and the European wars of religion, known as the Beeldenstorm in the Netherlands, Protestants destroyed traditional ( by then considered Catholic ) imagery in churches, including paintings, sculptures and other representations.

During the Counter Reformation and Baroque periods ( late 16th and 17th centuries ), the cult of Mary Magdalene saw a great, new popularity as the Catholic Church publicized her as an attractive, persusasive model of repentance and reform, in keeping with the goals of the reform Council of Trent ( 1545 – 63 ).

During the Reformation the Catholic Church was persecuted and the Dutch dioceses north of the Rhine and Waal were suspended by the Holy See.

During the medieval and Reformation eras, infant baptism was seen as a way to incorporate newborn babies into the secular community as well as inducting them into the Christian faith.

During the Reformation, Anabaptists were persecuted by Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican and Catholic regimes.

During the Reformation, moreover, information about Middle Eastern countries in the Histories provided a basis for establishing Biblical chronology as advocated by Isaac Newton.

During the Protestant Reformation, the doctrine of transubstantiation was heavily criticised as an Aristotelian " pseudo-philosophy " imported into Christian teaching and jettisoned in favor of Martin Luther's doctrine of sacramental union, or in favor, per Huldrych Zwingli, of the Eucharist as memorial.

During the Middle Ages Zurich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and, in 1519, was the place of origin and centre of the Protestant Reformation in German-speaking Switzerland, led by Ulrich Zwingli.

During the sixteenth century and English Reformation, King Henry VIII led the dissolution of the monasteries and many holy places were demolished.

During the Reformation, authentication of scripture was governed by the discernible excellence of the text as well as the personal witness of the Holy Spirit to the heart of each man.

During the turmoil of the Reformation, Zug remained on the Catholic side of central Switzerland and retained the old faith.

During these spates of iconoclasm, Catholic art and many forms of church fittings and decoration were destroyed in unofficial or mob actions by nominally Calvinist Protestant crowds as part of the Protestant Reformation.

During the Reformation, ownership passed to the Slavic dukes of Pomerania, who took over the island.

During the Protestant Reformation most of Tczew's inhabitants converted to Lutheranism.

During restoration work in the 1870s, the crypt which had been closed since the Reformation was refurbished and opened as a chapel, and Saint Canute once more went on display.

During the Reformation, the monasteries in the northern Netherlands were expropriated.

During the 15th century, cast iron became utilized for artillery in Burgundy, France, and in England during the Reformation.