During his reign, Saladin also constructed the Cairo Citadel, which served as the seat of the Egyptian government until the mid-19th century.

During the 17th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor, ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use, and by the mid-19th century armor had mainly fallen into disuse, although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection against lances and sabres and some protection against shot.

During the late 18th century up until the mid-19th century, Italian opera was immensely popular in Spain, supplanting the native form.

During the mid-19th century, the ships of the line were superseded by large steam powered ships with heavy gun armament and heavy armour, named ironclads.

During the mid-19th century Maluku travels of British naturalist Alfred Russell Wallace, Christians in Maluku were called " Orang Sirani " and were thought to have been descended from the Portuguese.

During the mid-19th century it was thought that it should be possible to measure aether wind effects of first order, i. e. effects proportional to v / c ( v being Earth's velocity, c the speed of light ).

During the mid-19th century the region got its first railroads, and the railroad junction in Chicago grew to be the world's largest.

During the mid-19th century, Branford became a popular resort area.

During the mid-19th century, the town did get some business from the building of the Hoosac Tunnel, just south of town in Florida.

During the mid-19th century, Huntsville was also the home to Mount Pleasant College.

During the mid-19th century, the hamlet was known as Tyler.

During the mid-19th century, Waverly was a stop on the Underground Railroad.

During the mid-19th century, powerloom weaving started to replace linen damask.

During the industrial revolution, which reached Sweden in the mid-19th century, Norrland became the source for the important wood and pulp industry.

During the early 19th century, however, attempts by prime ministers such as Robert Peel to govern in the absence of a parliamentary majority proved unsuccessful, and by the mid-19th century, the ability of a motion of no confidence to break a government was firmly established in the UK.

During the mid-19th century some of local residents saw an opportunity to make easy money by " blackbirding.

During the early to mid-19th century frontier wars between the British settlers and the local Xhosa inhabitants, East London served as a supply port to service the military headquarters at nearby King William ’ s Town, about thirty miles away.

During the mid-19th Century the village became a linear village.

During the mid-19th century, the carte de visite became one of the more popular uses of the albumen method.

During the mid-19th century, missionaries brought French-made hand-pumped harmoniums to India.

" During the mid-19th century, Matthew Arnold claimed that the passage describing the little town " is Greek, as Greek as a thing from Homer or Theocritus ; it is composed with the eye on the object, a radiancy and light clearness being added.

During the mid-19th century, SOMA became a burgeoning pioneer community, largely low-density residential, except for a business district that developed along 2nd and 3rd streets, and emerging industrial areas near the waterfront.

During the mid-19th century, spurred by the painters of the Hudson River School and transcendentalist philosophers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, an interest in mountains as a respite from industrialization and urbanization took hold in New England.

During the mid-19th century, French, English and North American immigrants along with some locals started to introduce industrial ways of productions and founded trade associations among industrials and the farmers.

During the early part of this century, the Brown & Sharpe works in Providence were unchallenged as the largest single manufacturing facility devoted exclusively to precision machinery and tool manufacture anywhere in the world.

During the nineteenth century these views were protested by virtually all the Latin American writers, though ineffectively, just as the new nations of Africa and Asia protest them, with more effect, today.

During the 17th century, practical alchemy started to evolve into modern chemistry, as it was renamed by Robert Boyle, the " father of modern chemistry ".< ref name =" Deem, Rich 2005 ">

During the 20th century BC the Indo-European Hittites entered the region and gradually established a great empire which was destroyed by invaders in the 12th century.

During the Late Bronze Age circa 2000 BC, they created an empire, the Hittite New Kingdom, which reached its height in the 14th century BC, controlling much of Asia Minor.

During the 1st century BC the Armenians in what had been Urartu established the powerful Armenian kingdom under Tigran who reigned throughout much of eastern Anatolia between the Caspian, Black Sea and Mediterranean.

During this period winter sports were slowly introduced: in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz, and downhill skiing became a trendy sport with English visitors early in the 20th century, as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald.

During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important ; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing, such a Les Menuires.

During the Carolingian epoch the custom grew up of granting these as regular heritable fiefs or benefices, and by the 10th century, before the great Cluniac reform, the system was firmly established.

During the fourth century, the Roman emperors commonly employed foederati: Germanic irregular troops under Roman command, but organized by tribal structures.

During the post-Phoenician era of the eighth century a palace was erected and a port was also constructed, which served the trade with the Greeks and the Levantines.

During the 4th century BC, there may well have been some 250, 000 – 300, 000 people in Attica.

During the 5th century BC, the Acropolis gained its final shape.

During the 3rd century, under threat from a Herulian invasion, repairs were made to the Acropolis walls, and the " Beulé Gate " was constructed to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaia, thus returning the Acropolis to use as a fortress.

During the turn of the 20th century British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant – the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill.

During the 5th century, the Anglii invaded Great Britain, after which time their name does not recur on the continent except in the title of Suevi Angili.

During the late 19th century, ideas about the legendary nature of Atlantis were combined with stories of other lost continents such as Mu and Lemuria.

During the first half of the 19th century, some of the songs African-Americans sang also began to appear in use for shipboard tasks, i. e. as shanties.

During the quarter century 1826-1850, 41 species and 6 genera of Apicomplexa were named.

During the early 20th century, Alicante was a minor capital that enjoyed the benefit of Spain's neutrality during World War I, and that provided new opportunities for the local industry and agriculture.

During the 19th century, the fields of science and art became increasingly intertwined as scientists such as Michael Faraday began to study the damaging effects of the environment to works of art.

During the 20th century communications used flags, morse code by radio, line and lights, voice and teleprinter by line.

During the next century Aegina was one of the three principal states trading at the emporium of Naucratis, and it was the only state of European Greece that had a share in this factory.

During the latter half of the 19th century, considerable public improvements were made to the town, which became, despite its neighbouring collieries, a pleasant place to live.