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Dutch Calvinist settlers were also the first successful European colonizers of South Africa, beginning in the 17th century, who became known as Boers or Afrikaners.
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Dutch and Calvinist
This Synod of Dort was open primarily to Dutch Calvinists ( Arminians were excluded ) with Calvinist representatives from other countries, and in 1618 published a condemnation of Arminius and his followers as heretics.
The Dutch settlers mainly belonged to the Dutch Reformed church, a strict Calvinist denomination.
The remainder are Christian, a majority being Dutch Calvinist, but a substantial minority being Roman Catholic.
Rulers of the Imperial States have powers to decide their state religion, Protestant, Catholic or Calvinist, with the minorities of each of those faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland.
Charles found his nephew to be a dedicated Calvinist and patriotic Dutchman, and reconsidered his desire to show him the Secret treaty of Dover with France, directed at destroying the Dutch Republic and installing William as " sovereign " of a Dutch rump state.
Louise de Coligny, daughter of the murdered Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, married William the Silent, leader of the Dutch ( Calvinist ) revolt against Spanish ( Catholic ) rule.
Consequently, many Huguenots considered the wealthy and Calvinist Dutch Republic, which led the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
A Dutch East India Company expedition of 90 Calvinist settlers, under the command of Jan van Riebeeck, founded the first permanent settlement near the Cape of Good Hope in 1652.
A caricature by Dutch Calvinist Jean Théodore de Bry depicting a Spaniard feeding a child to his dogs.
He also crossed more than once the Dutch Calvinist – Presbyterian champion, Gisbertus Voetius, still remembered for his attacks on René Descartes.
As Education Secretary, he had fights with the Dutch Reformed Church, of which he had once been a dedicated member, who demanded Calvinist teachings in schools.
* November 15-Jacobus Revius, Dutch poet, Calvinist theologian and church historian ( born 1586 )
* July 5-Festus Hommius, Dutch Calvinist theologian ( born 1576 )
* March 3-Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch Calvinist theologian ( died 1676 )
Nassau also created an environment of Dutch religious tolerance, new to Portuguese America and irritating to his Calvinist associates.
The character of the young elector had been stamped by his Calvinist nurturer Calcum, a long stay in the Dutch Republic during his grand tour, and the events of the war, of which a meeting with his uncle Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in Pomerania was among the most impressive.
The family attended services at the Grand Rapids Dutch Reformed Church, a Calvinist congregation in which religious services were conducted in the Dutch language and its very existence was testimony to the number of Dutch immigrants who made their way to the area.
* Festus Hommius ( 1576 – 1642 ), Dutch Calvinist theologian
* Early Modern Dutch is the language of the Statenvertaling, still in use among ( ultra -) orthodox Calvinist denominations in the Netherlands.
Having roots in the Dutch Reformed churches of the Netherlands, the Christian Reformed Church was founded by Gijsbert Haan and Dutch immigrants who left the Reformed Church in America in 1857 and is theologically Calvinist .< ref name = about >
Dutch and settlers
It originates from 17th century Dutch dialects spoken by the mainly-Dutch settlers of what is now South Africa, where it began to develop independently.
Hence, historically, it is a daughter language of Dutch, and was previously referred to as " Cape Dutch " ( a term also used to refer collectively to the early Cape settlers ) or ' kitchen Dutch ' ( a crude or derogatory term Afrikaans was called in its earlier days ).
Boer (,, or ; ) is the Dutch and Afrikaans word for farmer, which came to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 18th century, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the 19th century to settle in the Orange Free State, Transvaal ( which are together known as the Boer Republics ), and to a lesser extent Natal.
Some 530 of these individuals were later returned to the islands because of their much-needed expertise in nutmeg cultivation ( something sorely lacking among newly-arrived Dutch settlers ).
However, the Dutch settlers revolted against the English and the colony was recaptured by the Dutch.
Most settlers in the American Mid-Atlantic and New England were Calvinists, including the English Puritans, the French Huguenot and Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam ( New York ), and the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians of the Appalachian back country.
Connecticut's first European settlers were Dutch and established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut rivers, called Huys de Goede Hoop.
In the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) the vast majority of Dutch settlers were in fact Eurasians known as Indo-Europeans, formally belonging to the European legal class in the colony.
* Pennsylvania Dutch, German settlers in Pennsylvania and their language
Originally much of the west shore of Upper New York Bay consisted of large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster banks, a major source of food for the Lenape population who lived in the area prior to the arrival of Dutch settlers.
The tale was composed by Irving while he was living in England, and was based on popular tales told by colonial Dutch settlers of New York's Hudson River valley.
The land was cleared and turned into pasture by Dutch and freed African settlers in the 1630s, who named their settlement Noortwyck.
* 1806 – Dutch settlers in Cape Town surrender to the British.
It was imported into the geographic region of the lowlands between King's Lynn ( then Bishop's Lynn ) and the Isle of Ely by Dutch settlers arriving there to reclaim tidelands of the Wash as rutabaga fields.
The reaches of the upper Petitcodiac River valley then came under the control of the Philadelphia Land Company and in 1766 Pennsylvania Dutch settlers arrived to re-establish the pre-existing farming community at Le Coude.
The population of the conurbation declined ( from 20, 000 around 1600 to 6, 000 around 1730 ), and Bambergian and Dutch settlers ( Bambrzy and Olędrzy ) were brought in to rebuild the devastated suburbs.
Also named after him are the hamlets of Stuyvesant and Stuyvesant Falls in Columbia County, New York, where descendants of the early Dutch settlers still live and where the Dutch Reformed Church remains an important part of the community, as well as shopping centers, yacht clubs and other buildings and facilities throughout the area where the Dutch colony once was.
Dutch and were
Arminius's views were challenged by the Dutch Calvinists, especially Franciscus Gomarus, but Arminius died before a national synod could occur.
After some political maneuvering, the Dutch Calvinists were able to convince Prince Maurice of Nassau to deal with the situation.
About a thousand of such systems were sold for many hundreds of Dutch schools.
The Spanish in Florida originally introduced sheep to the New World, but this development never quite reached the North, and there they were introduced by the Dutch and English.
These were followed by significant numbers of freed Africans in the War of 1812, Irish immigrants in the mid 19th century and Dutch immigrants after World War II.
However, when, under manager Jack Kirwan, the club got promoted to the top flight of Dutch football for the first time in 1911 ( then the Eerste Klasse or ' First Class ', later named the Eredivisie ), Ajax were forced to change their colours because Sparta Rotterdam already had exactly the same outfit.
In the Flemish north Dutch speaking / rapping groups like't Hof van Commerce, Krapoel In Axe, St Andries MC's, and ABN were popular, rapping in their regional dialects.
There were two styles dominating the Dutch hip hop landscape: Extince, known for his easy flows, catchy songs and funky tunes, while hardcore performers like Westklan and Osdorp Posse found their own niche group of fans.
The following were the biggest Dutch feuds ever in hip-hop:
Six Serbian MiG-29 were shot down by NATO ( 4 USAF F-15C, 1 USAF F-16C, 1 Dutch F-16A MLU ), all of them using AIM-120 missiles ( the kill by the F-16C may have happened due to friendly fire, from SA-7 MANPAD fired by Serbian infantry ).
To isolate the Danube from any Allied intervention, Marshal Villeroi's 46, 000 troops were expected to pin the 70, 000 Dutch and English troops around Maastricht in the Low Countries, while General de Coigny protected Alsace against surprise with a further corps.
The Dutch, however, who clung to their troops for their country's protection, were against any adventurous military operation as far south as the Danube and would never willingly permit any major weakening of the forces in the Spanish Netherlands.
The Duke had assured the Dutch that if the French were to launch an offensive he would return in good time, but Marlborough calculated that as he marched south, the French commander would be drawn after him.
Count Horn directed the Prince of Holstein-Beck to take the village, but his two Dutch brigades were cut down by the French and Irish troops, capturing and badly wounding the Prince during the action.
If Holstein-Beck's Dutch column were destroyed, the Allied army would be split in two: Eugene's wing would be isolated from Marlborough's, passing the initiative to the Franco-Bavarian forces now engaged across the whole plain.
While he waited for the fresh reinforcements to arrive, Marlborough flung himself into the mêlée, rallying some of the Dutch cavalry who were in confusion.
The immediate question for the Allies now was how to deal with the Spanish Netherlands, a subject which the Austrians and the Dutch were diametrically opposed.
Many barges, primarily Dutch Barges, which were originally designed for carrying cargo along the canals of Europe, are no longer large enough to compete in this industry with larger newer vessels.
Contemporary Dutch virtues of independence, fortitude and industry were rendered fully recognizable among the Batavians in more scholarly history represented in Hugo Grotius ' Liber de Antiquitate Republicae Batavicorum ( 1610 ).
Modern variants of the Batavian founding myth are made more credible by pointing out that the Batavians were only part of the ancestry of the Dutch people, together with the Frisians, Franks and Saxons, and by tracing patterns of DNA.
By the 18th century, the area from Sambas to Berau were tributaries to the Banjar Kingdom, but this eventually shrunk to the size of what is now South Kalimantan as a result of agreements with the Dutch.
Other territories given up to the Dutch Indies were Landak, Sambas, Sintang and Sukadana.
Moreover in the 19th century, the Dutch admitted the founding of district kingdoms with native leaders who were under the power of the Dutch ( Indirect Bestuur ).
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