ELIZA operated by processing users ' responses to scripts, the most famous of which was DOCTOR, a simulation of a Rogerian psychotherapist.

ELIZA was written at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 and 1966.

ELIZA was named after Eliza Doolittle, a working-class character in George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion, who is taught to speak with an upper-class accent.

Although those programs included years of research and work, ELIZA remains a milestone simply because it was the first time a programmer had attempted such a human-machine interaction with the goal of creating the illusion ( however brief ) of human-human interaction.

It is likely that ELIZA was also on the system where Will Crowther created Colossal Cave ( Adventure ), the 1975 game that spawned the interactive fiction genre.

The discovery of the ELIZA effect was an important development in artificial intelligence, demonstrating the principle of using social engineering rather than explicit programming to pass a Turing test.

However Weizenbaum himself did not claim that ELIZA was genuinely intelligent, and the Introduction to his paper presented it more as a debunking exercise:

is still purely based on pattern matching techniques without any reasoning capabilities, the same technique ELIZA was using back in 1966.

The basic game structure invented by Crowther ( and based in part on the example of the ELIZA text parser ) was carried forward by the designers of later adventure games.

One of the earliest precursors to QA systems was ELIZA, developed in 1964.

One successful ELIZA application was DOCTOR, a computer program that interacted with users through a text chat interface, answering questions or responding to user statements in a way that mimicked the client-centered psychotherapy dialog between a client ( the user ) and their therapist ( the computer running the DOCTOR application ).

ELIZA was able to converse on any topic by resorting to very simple rules that detected important words in the person's input.

While ELIZA was a tongue-in-cheek simulation of a Rogerian therapist, PARRY attempted to simulate a paranoid schizophrenic.

It also embodied a conversational strategy, and as such was a much more serious and advanced program than ELIZA.

It was described as " ELIZA with attitude ".

Its AI engine was likely based on something similar to the ELIZA algorithm.

First implemented in Weizenbaum's own SLIP list-processing language, ELIZA worked by simple parsing and substitution of key words into canned phrases.

* Ronald Munson used an epistolary style in " Fan Mail " ( 1994 ), where the entire plot is told using e-mails, letters, transcripts of television shows and telephone conversations, faxes, and interactions with a computer program called ELIZA.

An online version of ELIZA using Pop-11 is available at Birmingham.

simple: ELIZA

In 1966, he published a comparatively simple program called ELIZA, named after the ingenue in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, which performed natural language processing.

ELIZA worked by simple parsing and substitution of key words into canned phrases and Weizenbaum sidestepped the problem of giving the program a database of real-world knowledge or a rich lexicon.

Later on, in 1966 another MIT professor by the name of Joseph Weizenbaum published a simple program called ELIZA which performed natural language processing.

ELIZA had an impact on a number of early computer games by demonstrating additional kinds of interface designs.

In its specific form, the ELIZA effect refers only to " the susceptibility of people to read far more understanding than is warranted into strings of symbols — especially words — strung together by computers ".

" In both its specific and general forms, the ELIZA effect is notable for occurring even when users of the system are aware of the determinate nature of output produced by the system.

The effect is named for the 1966 chatterbot ELIZA, developed by MIT computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum.

When executing Weizenbaum's DOCTOR script, ELIZA parodied a Rogerian psychotherapist, largely by rephrasing the " patient "' s replies as questions:

Some notably successful NLP systems developed in the 1960s were SHRDLU, a natural language system working in restricted " blocks worlds " with restricted vocabularies, and ELIZA, a simulation of a Rogerian psychotherapist, written by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 to 1966.

Yet ELIZA gained surprising popularity as a toy project and can be seen as a very early precursor to current commercial systems such as those used by Ask. com.

He appears in an independent documentary film called Plug & Pray, where he talks about the impact of ELIZA, a famous computer program published by Joseph Weizenbaum in 1966.

He conducted several conversations with an APL implementation of ELIZA and published them-in English, and in his own translation to Hebrew-under the title My Electronic Psychiatrist-Eight Authentic Talks with a Computer.

PARRY and ELIZA ( also known as " the Doctor ") " met " several times.

The examples Aarseth gives include a diverse group of texts: wall inscriptions of the temples in ancient Egypt that are connected two-dimensionally ( on one wall ) or three dimensionally ( from wall to wall or room to room ); the I Ching ; Apollinaire ’ s Calligrammes in which the words of the poem “ are spread out in several directions to form a picture on the page, with no clear sequence in which to be read ”; Marc Saporta ’ s Composition No. 1, Roman, a novel with shuffleable pages ; Raymond Queneau ’ s One Hundred Thousand Billion Poems ; B. S. Johnson ’ s The Unfortunates ; Milorad Pavic ’ s Landscape Painted with Tea ; Joseph Weizenbaum ’ s ELIZA ; Ayn Rand ’ s play Night of January 16th, in which members of the audience form a jury and choose one of two endings ; William Chamberlain and Thomas Etter ’ s Racter ; Michael Joyce ’ s Afternoon: a story ; Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle ’ s Multi-User Dungeon ( aka MUD1 ); and James Aspnes ’ s TinyMUD.

More generally, the ELIZA effect describes any situation where, based solely on a system's output, users perceive computer systems as having " intrinsic qualities and abilities which the software controlling the ( output ) cannot possibly achieve " or " assume that reflect a greater causality than they actually do.

Upon observation, researchers discovered users unconsciously assuming ELIZA's questions implied interest and emotional involvement in the topics discussed, even when they consciously knew that ELIZA did not simulate emotion.

The notoriety of Turing's proposed test stimulated great interest in Joseph Weizenbaum's program ELIZA, published in 1966, which seemed to be able to fool users into believing that they were conversing with a real human.

The earliest, such as the " psychologist " program ELIZA, did little more than identify key words and feed them back to the user, but even forty years ago Colby's PARRY program at Stanford university, far superior to ELIZA, exhibited many of the features researchers now seek to put into a dialog system, above all some form of emotional response and having something " it wants to say ", rather than being completely passive like ELIZA.

Both these games appeared some nine years after the original ELIZA.

Weizenbaum said that ELIZA, running the DOCTOR script, provided a " parody " of " the responses of a nondirectional psychotherapist in an initial psychiatric interview.

Lay responses to ELIZA were disturbing to Weizenbaum and motivated him to write his book Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation, in which he explains the limits of computers, as he wants to make clear in people's minds his opinion that the anthropomorphic views of computers are just a reduction of the human being and any life form for that matter.

In the independent documentary film Plug & Pray ( 2010 ) Weizenbaum said that only people who misunderstood ELIZA called it a sensation.

Rebel at work-Peter Haas, Silvia Holzinger, Documentary film with Joseph Weizenbaum and ELIZA.

A year later, in 1965, Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT wrote ELIZA, an interactive program that carried on a dialogue in English on any topic, the most popular being psychotherapy.

* Joseph Weizenbaum, creator of the ELIZA computer-simulated therapist