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East Frisian Low Saxon ( or Eastern Friesland Low Saxon, as some people prefer to say for a better distinction from East Frisian, which is Frisian but not Low Saxon ) is a variant of Low German with many of its own features due to the Frisian substrate and some other influences originating in the varied history of East Frisia.
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East and Frisian
The Trekboers, as they were originally known, were mainly of Dutch origin and included Calvinists, such as Flemish and Frisian Calvinists, as well as French Huguenot and German and British protestants who first arrived in the Cape of Good Hope during the period of its administration ( 1652 – 1795 ) by the Dutch East India Company ( Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC ).
* East Frisian ( disambiguation )
*** East Frisian Low Saxon in East Frisia
* The East Frisian island of Bant is broken up in a North Sea flood.
* The East Frisian island of Buise is broken into two by North Sea floods.
* The East Frisian island of Burchana is broken up in a North Sea flood.
In the Westphalian dialects of Low Saxon, in East Frisian Low Saxon and in the Saterland Frisian language, Saturday is called Satertag, also akin to Dutch Zaterdag, which has the same linguistic roots as the English word Saturday.
East Frisian foar, Dutch vader, German Vater ), from Proto-Indo-European * ph₂tḗr ( cf.
East Frisian muur, Dutch moeder, German Mutter ), from Proto-Indo-European * méh₂tēr ( cf.
Moin () is a Frisian and Low German greeting from East Frisia, Southern Schleswig ( including North Frisia and Flensburg ), Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the eastern Netherlands and Southern Jutland in Denmark, meaning " hello " and in some places " goodbye ".
By 20 November 1499 Magnus hired the so-called Great or Black Guard of 6, 000 ruthless and violent mostly Dutch and East Frisian mercenaries, commanded by Thomas Slentz, prior operating in the County of Oldenburg.
* Saterfrisian ( East Frisian ): Fräislound ;
* East Frisian Low Saxon: Freesland ;
# East Frisia or Eastern Friesland ( German Ostfriesland ; East Frisian Low Saxon: Oostfreesland ) in Lower Saxony
The three groups of the Frisian Islands ( the West, East and North Frisian Islands ) stretch more or less correspondingly along these three sections of the German Bight coast.
A small number Saterland Frisian language speakers live in four villages in Lower Saxony, in the Saterland region of Cloppenburg county, just beyond the boundaries of traditional East Frisia.
To account for East Anglia's distinct land-holdings in carucates forming vills assembled in leets, partible inheritance patterns of lands held in common among a kinship, resistance to manorialization and other social institutions, a case has been made for Frisian cultural domination there from the fifth century.
The ploegg or East Frisian rott was a compact holding that originated with a single lineage or kinship, whose men in early times went to war under their chief, and devolved in medieval times into a union of neighbors rather than kith and kin.
In 1327 Appingedam received city rights from the free Frisians of the Upstalboom near the East Frisian city of Aurich.
The district includes the three populated islands of Juist, Norderney and Baltrum, which belong to the East Frisian Islands.
The coat of arms, granted in 1978, displays the so-called virgin eagle ( or harpy ), which was the heraldic animal of the Cirksena family, a local clan providing East Frisian chieftains during the Middle Ages.
East and Low
Together with East Low German it forms the Low German dialect group ( German: Niederdeutsch or Plattdeutsch, Dutch: Nederduits ).
The regional dialect of Low German spoken in Prussia ( or East Prussia ), Low Prussian, preserved a number of Baltic Prussian words, such as kurp, from the Old Prussian kurpi, for shoe ( in contrast to the standard German Schuh ).
During the High Middle Ages, German immigration and assimilation of the Slavic Pomeranians ( Ostsiedlung ) introduced Low German Pomeranian dialects which were to become dominant in Pomerania except for some areas in the East, where the populace remained largely Slavic and continued the use of the Slavic Pomeranian language.
After the death of Lothair, the Low Countries were coveted by the rulers of both West Francia and East Francia.
The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia.
Its economy is dominated by MeadWestvaco, which operates a paperboard mill in Covington, the second largest on the East Coast and an extrusion and converting facility in Low Moor.
Many Frisians speak Low Saxon dialects, especially in East Frisia, but also in West and North Frisia.
By 1954 the East Low Canal was finished.
Among the various interpretations, reference to the colonization of East Europe starting from Low Germany is the most plausible one: The " Children of Hameln " would have been in those days citizens willing to emigrate being recruited by landowners to settle in Moravia, East Prussia, Pomerania or in the Teutonic Land.
East Frisia or Eastern Friesland ( German Ostfriesland ; East Frisian Low Saxon: Oostfreesland ) is a coastal region in the northwest of the German federal state of Lower Saxony.
As chieftains ( in Low German: " hovedlinge "; in standard German: " Häuptlinge ") they took control over villages, cities, and regions in East Frisia ; however, they still did not establish a feudal system as it was known in the rest of Europe.
The genuine language of East Frisia was East Frisian which now is almost extinct, largely replaced by East Frisian Low Saxon.
East and Saxon
The first recorded king, according to the East Saxon King List, was Æscwine to which a date of AD 527 is given for the start of his reign, although there are some difficulties with the date of his reign, and Sledda is listed as the founder of the Essex royal house by other sources.
Wine ( in 666 ) and Erkenwald ( in 675 ) were appointed bishops of London with spiritual authority over the East Saxon Kingdom.
By the 6th century the majority of the modern county was part of the East Saxon kingdom.
As the eldest surviving son, Henry succeeded his father as Saxon duke in 912 and upon the death of King Conrad I of Germany was elected King of Germany ( East Francia ) in 919.
Although Mellitus fled, there does not seem to have been any serious persecution of Christians in the East Saxon kingdom.
The East Saxon see was not occupied again until Cedd was consecrated as bishop in about 654.
After the fall of Great Moravia, the rulers of the Bohemian duchy had to deal both with continuous raids by the Magyars and the forces of the Saxon duke and East Frankish king Henry the Fowler, who had started several eastern campaigns into the adjacent lands of the Polabian Slavs, homeland of Wenceslaus ' mother.
The East Saxon royal house survived the eighth century, so it is probable that the kingdom of Essex retained its native rulers, but under strong Mercian influence, for most or all of the eighth century.
When in the 10th century Saxon kings ( of the Ottonian dynasty ) replaced the Frankish kings in East Francia ( the later Holy Roman Empire ), these kings proudly claimed descent from Widukind: Matilda, the wife of King Henry I, was apparently a great-great-great-granddaughter of Widukind.
In 936 Henry the Fowler, the first East Frankish king of the Saxon ducal Ottonian dynasty had died and was succeeded by his son Otto the Great.
Linguistic study has led to the conjecture that initially the complete poem was transmitted orally, then in a lost manuscript in the East Saxon dialect and now survives as a fragment in the West Saxon form, possibly that of a scribe active at the Monastery of Worcester
Three of Æthelbald's predecessors — Æthelred, Coenred, and Ceolred — had each confirmed an East Saxon charter granting Twickenham to Waldhere, the bishop of London.
The Saxon Shore Way starts at Gravesend, Kent and traces the Kent coast as it was in Roman times, via Folkestone, as far as Hastings, East Sussex, 163 miles ( 262 km ) in total.
The Saxon Rating System, or the East German ( GDR ) rating system as it was known before the unification of Germany, is used in all of the former East Germany.
A Study of West Saxon and East Anglian Cults.
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