Economists such as Milton Friedman and Dr. Ravi Batra have theorized ways that a modern economy could have low inflation and near full employment ( as in close to 100 % of those who are not students and are healthy enough to work, and who wish to work at any given point in time ), as of yet these have yet to be widely disseminated through the press or introduced by most governments.

Economists have suggested that those who support protectionism ostensibly to further the interests of workers in least developed countries are in fact being disingenuous, seeking only to protect jobs in developed countries.

Economists who have examined the impact of new trade-restrictive measures using detailed bilaterally monthly trade statistics estimated that new measures taken through late 2009 were distorting global merchandise trade by 0. 25 % to 0. 5 % ( about $ 50 billion a year ).

Economists Matthew Bishop and Michael Green claim that full acceptance of the hypothesis goes against the thinking of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes, who both believed irrational behavior had a real impact on the markets.

Economists who believe this to be the case refer to this as a monopoly wage.

Economists such as Paul Craig Roberts claim that those economists who promote offshoring misunderstand the difference between comparative advantage and absolute advantage.

Economists include academics who undertake research and teaching in economics, and professionals with economic expertise employed by governments, financial institutions and other businesses.

Economists ’ findings about the benefits of trade have often been rejected by government policy-makers, who have frequently sought to protect domestic industries against foreign competition by erecting barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, against imports.

Economists who advocated these policies do not necessarily share principles, such as Nobel prize-winning economists Milton Friedman ( Monetarism school ), George Stigler ( Chicago School of Economics / Neo-Classical Economics ), Richard Posner ( Chicago School / Pragmatism ), and Friedrich Hayek ( Austrian School of Economics ), have sought substantially to limit economic regulation.

Economists at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development studied the effects of various types of taxes on the economic growth of developed nations within the OECD and found that sales taxes are one of the least harmful taxes for growth.

In The Economists 2010 Democracy Index, Tunisia was classified as an authoritarian regime, ranking 144th out of 167 countries studied.

Economists and physicians have thoroughly studied the effects of FDA boxed warnings on prescription patterns.

Economists do not agree on the natural rate, with estimates ranging from 1 % to 5 %, or on its meaning — some associate it with " non-accelerating inflation ".

Economists graph this relationship with the wage on the vertical axis and the quantity ( hours ) of labor supplied on the horizontal axis.

* Economists and political scientists often associate the term with approaches using rational choice assumptions, especially game theory and social choice theory, in explaining phenomena beyond economics ' standard remit, such as corruption, government failure and complex decision-making in which context the term " positive political economy " is common.

Economists say that a consumer is ' prudent ' if he or she saves more when faced with riskier future income.

Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home ( hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts ).

Economists, especially microeconomists, are often concerned with the causes of market failure and possible means of correction.

Economists aligned with his government have argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devaluation of the Brazilian real and the growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars.

Economists Thorstein Veblen, John Maynard Keynes, Herbert A. Simon, and many of the Austrian School criticise Homo economicus as an actor with too great of an understanding of macroeconomics and economic forecasting in his decision making.

Economists tend to disagree with these critiques, arguing that it may be relevant to analyze the consequences of enlightened egoism just as it may be worthwhile to consider altruistic or social behavior.

Economists disagree over how to set tolls, how to cover common costs, what to do with any excess revenues, whether and how “ losers ” from tolling previously free roads should be compensated, and whether to privatize highways.

Economists disagree over how to set tolls, how to cover common costs, what to do with any excess revenues, whether and how “ losers ” from tolling previously free roads should be compensated, and whether to privatize highways.

Economists say shoplifting is common because it is a relatively unskilled crime with low entry barriers that can be fitted into a normal lifestyle.

As a result, the Singer-Prebisch Thesis enjoyed a high degree of popularity in the 1960s and 1970s with neo-marxist developmental Economists and provided a justification for import substitution industrializing ( ISI ) policies and even an expansion of the role of the commodity futures exchange as a tool for development.

Economists argue this can be achieved with marginal cost road pricing.

* Economists manage state finances with discernment and in the interest of all ;

The New Zealand Association of Economists describe Brash's success in establishing an independent central bank with an inflation target and in reducing inflation as a highlight of his career.

Economists point out several flaws with the assumption:

Economists Pedro Amaral and James MacGee find that the Canadian recovery has important differences with the United States.

Economists tend to cite four possible causes of price stickiness: menu costs, money illusion, imperfect information with regard to price changes, and fairness concerns.

" Averting America's Bankruptcy with a New New Deal ", published by The Economists ' Voice-February 2006, outlined some of the solutions promoted in the book.

* Economists from Adam Smith to Paul Krugman have noted that similar businesses tend to congregate geographically (" agglomerate "); opening near similar companies attracts workers with skills in that business, which draws in more businesses seeking experienced employees.

The alliance split in 1994, with the free-market liberal wing becoming the Political Union of Economists and the social-democratic wing becoming the National Harmony Party.

Economists such as Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek and Brink Lindsey argue that if the market is eliminated along with property, prices, and wages, then the mode of information transmission is eliminated and what will result is a highly inefficient system for transmitting the value, supply, demand, of goods, services, resources, along with an elimination of the most efficient mode of market transactions.

* Economists use the term " global labor arbitrage " to refer to the tendency of manufacturing jobs to flow towards whichever country has the lowest wages per unit output at present and has reached the minimum requisite level of political and economic development to support industrialization.

McNamara was, at the end of his life, a life trustee on the Board of Trustees of the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ), a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security, and an honorary trustee for the Brookings Institution.

Economists have criticized the government's fiscal policy, whose level of expenditures and indebtness has increase significantly within the past decade while the economy was grown at a much slower pace.

He is a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security, and co-director of the Social Interactions, Identity and Well-Being program at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research ( CIFAR ).

Economists often estimate the VSL by looking at the risks that people are voluntarily willing to take and how much they must be paid for taking them.

Economists have also looked at sticky wages as an explanation for why there is unemployment.

File: Waterstone's Economists ' Bookshop at London School of Economics. jpg | London School of Economics

Economists estimate that the University has created at least 3, 000 new jobs within Lincoln and that it generates more than £ 250 million every year for the local economy-doubling previous local economic growth rates.

Economists at the Cato Institute suggest that Wal-Mart is a success because it sells products that people want to buy at low prices, satisfying customer's wants and needs.

Economists Michael C. Burda and Charles Wyplosz provide an illustration of what can happen if a nation tries to pursue all three goals at once.

He is also a Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large ( 2007 – 2013 ) at Cornell University and is currently ( 2010 – 2011 ) President of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists ( EAERE ).

AEA still entitles the keynote address at its annual meeting the Richard T. Ely Lecture and recently honored him in the association's annual Economists ' Calendar.

Economists Milton Friedman, Gordon Tullock, Bryan Caplan, and Paul Krugman Furthermore, Roger Garrison argues that a false boom caused by artificially low interest rates would cause a boom in consumption goods as well as investment goods ( with a decrease in " middle goods "), thus explaining the jump in unemployment at the end of a boom.

Simms himself observed in response that The Economists own attempts at clairvoyance had " backfired spectacularly ".