Ecosystems dominated by plants with low-lignin concentration often have rapid rates of decomposition and nutrient cycling ( Chapin et al.

* Naiman RJ, Bilby RE, Schindler DE and Helfield JM ( 2002 ) " Pacific salmon, nutrients, and the dynamics of freshwater and riparian ecosystems " Ecosystems, 5: 399 – 417.

Ecosystems continually exchange energy and carbon with the wider environment ; mineral nutrients, on the other hand, are mostly cycled back and forth between plants, animals, microbes and the soil.

The Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research ( CILER ) fosters research collaborations between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA )/ Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory ( GLERL ), Michigan State University and the University of Michigan.

Ecosystems are composed of a variety of abiotic and biotic components that function in an interrelated way.

Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment.

Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital through the regulation of continental climates, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soils, food, fibres, medicines, erosion control, and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.

Ecosystems regenerate after a disturbance such as fire, forming Mosaic ( ecology ) | mosaics of different age groups structured across a Landscape ecology | landscape.

Ecosystems, for example, contain populations of individuals that aggregate into distinct ecological communities.

Ecosystems are habitats within biomes that form an integrated whole and a dynamically responsive system having both physical and biological complexes.

Ecosystems are complex adaptive systems where the interaction of life processes form self-organizing patterns across different scales of time and space.

Ecosystems are broadly categorized as terrestrial, freshwater, atmospheric, or marine.

Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors.

Ecosystems are dynamic entities — invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance.

Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can end up doing things very differently simply because they have different pools of species present.

Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend ; the principles of ecosystem management suggest that rather than managing individual species, natural resources should be managed at the level of the ecosystem itself.

Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors.

Ecosystems are dynamic entities — invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance.

Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can end up doing things very differently simply because they have different pools of species present.

Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend.

Agile Software Development Ecosystems, Addison – Wesley.

Monitoring Ecosystems: Interdisciplinary approaches for evaluating ecoregional initiatives.

A. Estes, M. T. Tinker, T. M. Williams, D. F. Doak " Killer Whale Predation on Sea Otters Linking Oceanic and Nearshore Ecosystems ", Science, October 16, 1998: Vol.

In sequential order, treatment is designed for patients to realize their altered perception of vertical, use visual aids for feedback about body orientation, learn the movements necessary to reach proper vertical position, and maintain vertical body position while performing other activities.

The gain of the filter must be less than 1 at all frequencies, to maintain a stable positive feedback loop.

The overall increase in calcium triggers a massive release of cyt c, which then acts in the positive feedback loop to maintain ER calcium release through the IP3Rs ( Boehning D, Patterson RL, Sedaghat L, Glebova NO, Kurosaki T, Snyder SH.

Some users, however, maintain that such wrenches reduce torque control and the feedback available to the user.

The body has several feedback mechanisms to maintain adequate blood flow and blood pressure.

Hence, in most cases a feedback mechanism is employed to adjust the tip-to-sample distance to maintain a constant force between the tip and the sample.

Linear control systems use linear negative feedback to produce a control signal mathematically based on other variables, with a view to maintain the controlled process within an acceptable operating range.

The temperature of the mirror is controlled by electronic feedback to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between evaporation and condensation on the mirror, thus closely measuring the dew point temperature.

In fiber optic applications, where the wavelength of a laser or a component is highly dependent on temperature, Peltier coolers are used along with a thermistor in a feedback loop to maintain a constant temperature and thereby stabilize the wavelength of the device.

They also control maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer.

The teacher ’ s participation in discussion sessions is to act as a facilitator, maintain classroom decorum, provide individual and group feedback, and alleviate concerns or issues in the lesson.

The experimenter sets a " holding voltage ", or " command potential ", and the voltage clamp uses negative feedback to maintain the cell at this voltage.

Recent designs have been based on microelectromechanical systems ( MEMS ) technology which generates an electrical response to ground motion through an active feedback circuit to maintain the position of a small piece of silicon.

The machinery for generating active SREBPs is tightly regulated by a negative feedback mechanism, which explains how cells maintain the necessary levels of fats and cholesterol in the face of varying environmental circumstances.

Utilizing the full power available such decoders use motor feedback and constant adjustment to maintain steady speed regardless of train load or track gradient.

Although simple batteries naturally maintain a steady voltage ( except in cases of large internal impedance ), a power supply must use a feedback system to make adjustments based on the difference between its intended output and its actual output.

Second, in due diligence, there are continual activities-this means that people are actually doing things to monitor and maintain the protection mechanisms, and these activities are ongoing.

The Charta promotes Integrated Water Resources Management, defines procedures for the examination and approval of new projects, provides a framework for the allocation of water resources between sectors, commits to maintain the integrity of aquatic ecosystems and defines mechanisms for the settlement of disputes between countries and for user participation.

While IntServ mechanisms do work, it was realized that in a broadband network typical of a larger service provider, Core routers would be required to accept, maintain, and tear down thousands or possibly tens of thousands of reservations.

The packet layer includes mechanisms to maintain virtual calls and to signal data errors in the event that the data link layer cannot recover from data transmission errors.

Constant flux calorimetry ( or COFLUX as it is often termed ) is derived from heat balance calorimetry and uses specialized control mechanisms to maintain a constant heat flow ( or flux ) across the vessel wall.

However, relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place.

There are a number of mechanisms to maintain the testes at the optimum temperature.

Bolt actions are also easier to operate from a prone position than other manually repeating mechanisms and work well with box magazines which are easier to fill and maintain than tubular magazines.

By comparison with the forcible closure of monasteries elsewhere in Protestant Europe, the English and Welsh dissolutions resulted in a relatively modest volume of new educational endowments ; but the treatment of former monks and nuns was more generous, and there was no counterpart elsewhere to the efficient mechanisms established in England to maintain pension payments over successive decades.

Distributed shared memory systems mimic these mechanisms in an attempt to maintain consistency between blocks of memory in loosely coupled systems.

Concurrency control mechanisms firstly need to operate correctly, i. e., to maintain each transaction's integrity rules ( as related to concurrency ; application-specific integrity rule are out of the scope here ) while transactions are running concurrently, and thus the integrity of the entire transactional system.

More protection was provided by Proclamation No. 1037 signed by then President Fidel V. Ramos upon the recommendation of the DENR on July 1, 1997 which establish the Chocolate Hills and the areas within, around, and surrounding them located in the Municipalities of Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan, Bilar, Valencia and Sierra Bullones, Province of Bohol as a natural monument to protect and maintain its natural beauty and to provide restraining mechanisms for inappropriate exploitation.

Most if not all plant and animal cells contain circadian oscillators, and physiological control mechanisms insure that they maintain phase coherence so that the organism as a whole demonstrates a rhythm whose period is close to, but usually not exactly, 24h in constant environmental conditions.

In Freudian psychoanalytic theory, defence mechanisms ( or defense mechanisms ) are psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality ( through processes including, but not limited to, Repression, Identification, or Rationalization ), and to maintain a socially acceptable self-image or self-schema.

In psychology, the term refers to the inability to maintain defense mechanisms in response to stress, resulting in personality disturbance or psychological imbalance.

These compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain a normal ICP for any change in volume less than approximately 100 – 120 mL.

:# Constancy in an open system, such as our bodies represent, requires mechanisms that act to maintain this constancy.

This concept can be further extended to encompass mechanisms to increase and maintain the Dependability of a system.

There are several mechanisms ( which are not exclusive within any given population ) by which balancing selection works to maintain polymorphism.

Some argue that the low status nature of some jobs can have negative psychological effects on workers, but others argue that low status workers come up with coping mechanisms that allow them to maintain a strong sense of self-worth.

Ultimately, these switching mechanisms alter genetic alleles for wing characteristics, helping to maintain biological dispersal.

1 ( 1985 ) ( arguing that pornography is one of the mechanisms of power used to maintain gender inequality ).