During Baldwin III's reign, the County of Edessa, the first crusader state established during the First Crusade, was conquered by Zengi, the Turkic emir of Aleppo.

Edessa had always been at the heart of the Syriac-speaking world and the city was full of rival philosophies and religions.

According to another view, Valerian's disaster and capture at the battle of Edessa was the trigger for the subsequent revolts of Ingenuus, Regalianus and Postumus.

One more consequence of the catastrophe at the battle of Edessa was that Gallienus lost control over the two provinces of Germania, Britain, Spain and a large part of Gaul, when another general, Postumus, had declared his own realm ( typically known today as the Gallic Empire ).

In 259 or 260, during the battle of Edessa, Valerian was taken prisoner by Shapur.

Further legends relate that the cloth remained in Edessa until the 10th century, when it was taken to Constantinople.

Beside the developed legend of the mandylion or Image of Edessa, was the tale of the Veil of Veronica, whose very name signifies " true icon " or " true image ", the fear of a " false image " remaining strong.

Eustace was uninterested, and instead the crown passed to Baldwin's relative, probably a cousin, Baldwin of Le Bourg, who had previously succeeded him in Edessa.

The influence of Jerusalem was further extended over Edessa and Antioch, where Baldwin II acted as regent when their own leaders were killed in battle, although there were regency governments in Jerusalem as well during Baldwin's captivity.

To balance this, the king turned from time to time to his uncle, Joscelin III of Edessa, who was appointed seneschal in 1176 ; Joscelin was more closely related to Baldwin than Raymond was, but had no claim to the throne himself.

Baldwin V's rule, with Raymond of Tripoli as regent and his great-uncle Joscelin of Edessa as his guardian, was short.

In 489 when the School of Edessa in Mesopotamia was closed by Byzantine Emperor Zeno for its Nestorian teachings, the school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the School of Nisibis, leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into Persia.

Macedonia was called Emathia ( from king Emathion ) and the city of Aiges was called Edessa, the capital of fabled king Midas.

Her father Baldwin was a crusader knight who carved out the Crusader State of Edessa and married Morphia, daughter of the Armenian Prince Gabriel of Melitene, in a diplomatic marriage to fortify alliances in the region.

Melisende grew up in Edessa until she was 13, when her father was elected as the King of Jerusalem as successor of his cousin Baldwin I.

Armenian historian Matthew of Edessa wrote that Baldwin II was thoroughly devoted to his wife, and refused to consider divorcing her.

In 1144 the Crusader state of Edessa was besieged in a border war that threatened its survival.

He also took advantage of the difficulties in the Byzantine military, coming to the aid of Narses, a Byzantine general who refused to acknowledge the new Emperor's authority and who was besieged by troops loyal to Phocas in Edessa.

It was the third of four Christian territories to be established by the crusaders, following the County of Edessa and the Principality of Antioch, and followed by the County of Tripoli.

However, later that year the crusader County of Edessa was engulfed by the tide of a resurgent Islamic jihad under Imad ad-Din Atabeg Zengi.

In 489 when the School of Edessa in Mesopotamia was closed by Byzantine Emperor Zeno for its Nestorian teachings, the school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the School of Nisibis, leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into Persia.

Baldwin brought with him an Armenian wife, traditionally named Arda ( although never named such by contemporaries ), whom he had married to gain political support from the Armenian population in Edessa, and whom he quickly set aside when he no longer needed Armenian support in Jerusalem.

To the north are the County of Tripoli, Principality of Antioch, County of Edessa, Principality of Armenian Cilicia, the Byzantine Empire, and the Sultanate of Rum.

" A more favorable explanation is offered by the medieval Armenian historian Matthew of Edessa, who states that " Tzimiskes was from the region of Khozan, from the area which is now called Chmushkatzag.

The legend of the healing of Abgar V of Edessa by the facecloth of Jesus has been appropriated by the Armenian Church in claiming that Abgar was a prince of Armenia.

Count Baldwin's wife had died in Maraş in 1097, and after he succeeded to Edessa he married Arda, a granddaughter of the Armenian Roupenid chief Constantine.

These events are known to us chiefly through the Armenian historian Matthew, who had been born at Edessa.

In 1914 Edessa had an Armenian population numbering 35000.

Şanlıurfa,, often simply known as Urfa in daily language ( Kurdish Riha, Arabic الرها Ar-Ruhā, Syriac ܐܘܪܗ Urhoy, Armenian Ուռհա Or ' ha ), in ancient times Edessa, is a city with 482, 323 inhabitants ( 2009 estimate ) in south-eastern Turkey, and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province.

He was Armenian and founded a principality from Antioch to Edessa.

The Chronique Rimée de la Petite Arménie (“ The Rhymed Chronicle of Armenia Minor ”) of Vahram of Edessa records that he was the son of Thoros I, lord of Armenian Cilicia.

The contemporaneous Armenian chronicler Matthew of Edessa mentions David's brother Totorme, who, according to the modern historian Robert W. Thomson, was his sister.

After the Byzantine withdrawal from the region in the later eleventh century, it was held by Armenian princes until it was absorbed into the Frankish county of Edessa in the years following the First Crusade, and when it was known as ' Ranculat '.

In the Armenian chronicles of Matthew of Edessa Pechenegs are mentioned a couple of times.

The legend of the healing of Abgar V of Edessa by the facecloth of Jesus has been appropriated by the Armenian Church by claiming that Abgar was a prince of Armenia.

Having thus annexed Raban, Baldwin II of Edessa decided to suppress the remaining Armenian principalities in the Euphrates valley ; thus Toros soon found himself the only independent Armenian potentate that remained.

# Armenian Mesopotamia or Hayots Midjagetq ( with now days cities Urha or Urfa or Edessa or Yedesia, Nisibin or M ' tsbin or Migdonia )

According to the contemporary historian Anna Comnena, who knew Pakourianos personally, Gregory was " descended from a noble Armenian family ," while the Armenian chronicler Matthew of Edessa, from 12 century, saying Pakourianos was of " Vrats '" origin had in mind the religious affiliation of Pakourianos.

This was a politically convenient marriage, as Baldwin was the first Count of Edessa, a crusader state carved out of Armenian territory in Mesopotamia.

He names Edessa in memory of the ancient capital of Macedon.

The capital of Pella is Edessa.

The dispersed neo-Platonists, with as much of their library as could be transported, found temporary refuge in the Persian capital of Ctesiphon, and afterwards — under treaty guarantees of security that form a document in the history of freedom of thought — at Edessa, which just a century later became one of the places where Muslim thinkers encountered ancient Greek culture and took an interest in its science and medicine.

In 163, while Statius Priscus was occupied in Armenia, the Parthians intervened in Osroene, a Roman client in upper Mesopotamia, just east of Syria, with its capital at Edessa.

* Edessa, Mesopotamia or Antiochia on the Callirhoe, former capital of Osroene, later named Justinopolis and Edessa, now Şanlıurfa

Osroene, also spelled Osrohene and Osrhoene (; ) and sometimes known by the name of its capital city, Edessa ( modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey ), was a historical kingdom located in upper Mesopotamia, which enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 244.

The new settlement was named " Edessa " after the ancient capital of Macedonia, perhaps due to its abundant water, just like its Macedonian homonym.

In the second half of the 2nd century BC, as the Seleucid monarchy disintegrated in the wars with Parthia ( 145 – 129 ), Edessa became the capital of the Abgar dynasty, who founded the Kingdom of Osroene ( also known in history as Kingdom of Edessa ).

With the capital only lightly defended, Zengi redirected his army, invading and capturing Edessa itself.

In classical Antiquity the region was called Osrhoene with the capital at Edessa / Callirrhoe ( ar-Ruha '.

The Siege of Edessa took place from November 28 to December 24, 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the crusader County of Edessa to Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo.

Trajan reconquered Nisibis ( Nusaybin in Turkey ), the capital of Osroene Edessa, and Seleucia on the Tigris ( Iraq ), each of which housed large Jewish communities.

Another tradition suggests the name was adopted after Caranus moved Macedonia's capital from Edessa to Agea, thus appropriating the name of the city for its citizens.

The historic cities of Bottiaea were Aigae ( Vergina ) first capital of Macedon, Aloros, Pella ( second capital of Macedon ), Edessa, Mieza, Atalanta, Gortynia, Kyrros, Skydra, Ichnae and Beroea.