Electrolytes or molten salts are mixtures of different ions.

Also: Electrolytes dissociate in water because water molecules are dipoles and the dipoles orient in an energetically favorable manner to solvate the ions.

Electrolytes and kidney function should also be checked when there is a concern about severe dehydration.

The English title of the paper is called " On the Theory of Electrolytes.

Electrolytes may enter or leave the cell membrane through specialized protein structures embedded in the plasma membrane called ion channels.

Electrolytes measured most often are sodium and potassium.

Electrolytes are commonly found in fruit juices, coconut water, sports drinks, milk, and many fruits and vegetables ( whole or in juice form ) ( e. g. potatoes, avocados ).

* Electrolytes, urea and creatinine ( EUCs ): to evaluate renal function.

Electrolytes used for electropolishing are most often concentrated acid solutions having a high viscosity, such as mixtures of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid.

Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis within the body.

Electrolytes are important because they are what cells ( especially nerve, heart, muscle ) use to maintain voltages across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses ( nerve impulses, muscle contractions ) across themselves and to other cells.

Electrolytes enter and leave cells through proteins in the cell membrane called ion channels.

In the same year they first published this paper, Debye and Hückel, hereinafter D & H, also released a paper that covered their initial characterization of solutions under the influence of electric fields called " On the Theory of Electrolytes.

A reversed-field pinch ( RFP ) is a device used to produce and contain near-thermonuclear plasmas.

Since plasmas contain equal numbers of electrons and ions, they are electrically neutral overall and thus electric fields play a lesser dynamical role.

In these plasmas the positive ions are almost all singly charged and there are few negative ions, so there are nearly equal amounts of ions and electrons in each unit volume of plasma.

In most plasmas, the forces acting on the ions are different from those acting on the electrons, so naively one would expect one species to be transported faster than the other, whether by diffusion or convection or some other process.

In collisionless plasmas, the electrons are often much hotter than the ions, in which case the second term in the numerator can be ignored.

Crystals of BPO < sub > 4 </ sub > can also precipitate from the flowing glass on cooling ; these crystals are not readily etched in the standard reactive plasmas used to pattern oxides, and will result in circuit defects in integrated circuit manufacturing.

In 1958, Woltjer, working on astrophysical plasmas, noted that is conserved, which implies that a twisty field will attempt to maintain its twistyness even with external forces being applied to it.

They found it was related antigenically to the prothrombin activator of O. scutellatus venom, able to activate citrated blood plasma, wartrin plasma, factor V and factor X deficient plasmas and will hydrolyse peptide p-nitroanilide substrate S-2222. Ca ++ and phospholipids have little effect on it.

From 1995, the former distributors of Fusion, Jenton / Jenact, expanded on the fact that energised UV-emitting plasmas act as lossy conductors to create a number of patents regarding electrodeless UV lamps for sterilising and germicidal uses.

However, there are also many non-metallic conductors, including graphite, solutions of salts, and all plasmas.

Conduction materials include metals, electrolytes, superconductors, semiconductors, plasmas and some nonmetallic conductors such as graphite and Conductive polymers.

It can be seen that in some conductors, such as ionic solutions and plasmas, there are both positive and negative charge carriers, so an electric current in them consists of the two polarities of carrier moving in opposite directions.

Waves in plasmas can be classified as electromagnetic or electrostatic according to whether or not there is an oscillating magnetic field.

The plasmas used in spectrochemical analysis are essentially electrically neutral, with each positive charge on an ion balanced by a free electron.

Plasma oscillations are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals.

' Transfer mechanism allows to generate over-dense plasmas with electron densities beyond the critical density.

* Secondly, the surface-wave effect allows to generate spatially extended plasmas with electron densities that exceed the critical density.

* The less-known MHD with low magnetic Reynolds number and critical Hall parameter, involving weakly ionized gases in a non-equilibrium state ( i. e. where the electron temperature is higher than the gas temperature ) known as " cold plasmas ", which are mathematically handled with dyadic tensors in a 7-dimensional phase space.

Plasma oscillations, also known as " Langmuir waves " ( after Irving Langmuir ), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals.

In space plasmas where the electron density is relatively low, the Debye length may reach macroscopic values, such as in the magnetosphere, solar wind, interstellar medium and intergalactic medium ( see table ):

** Langmuir wave, a rapid oscillation of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals

In most plasmas of interest, the electron temperature is comparable to or larger than the ion temperature.

This oscillation is closely related to the plasma oscillation found in unmagnetized plasmas or parallel to the magnetic field, where the ω < sub > pe </ sub > term arises from the electrostatic restoring force and the 3k²v < sub > e, th </ sub > ² term arises from the restoring force of electron pressure.

His career in the field of MHD is well-known: 1st method of eletrothermal instability control and 1st usable MHD generator with non-equilibrium ionized gas ( 1967 ); kinetic theory of non-equilibrium plasmas ( 1972 ); MHD aerodynes with ionization control ( 1975 ); Shock wave cancellation by MHD force field around a cylindrical profile imbedded in a liquid flow ( 1976 ); 2nd method of electrothermal instability control by magnetic pressure gradient in an MHD accelerator ( 1981 ); Thesis director about shock wave annihilation around a flat wing in a hot supersonic gas flow: Resolution of Navier-Stokes equations within an MHD force field by the method of characteristics ( 1987 ).

Under typical conditions found in stellar plasmas, catalytic hydrogen burning by the CNO cycles is limited by proton captures.

The two plasmas end up separated by a boundary, the magnetopause, and the Earth's plasma is confined to a cavity inside the flowing solar wind, the magnetosphere.

This force can be either gravitation in stars, magnetic forces in magnetic confinement fusion reactors, or the fusion reaction may occur before the plasma starts to expand, so in fact the plasmas inertia is keeping the material together.

This technique is used to confine very hot plasmas with temperatures of the order of 10 < sup > 6 </ sup > K. In a similar way, the Earth's non-uniform magnetic field traps charged particles coming from the sun in doughnut shaped regions around the earth called the " Van Allen radiation belts ", which were discovered in 1958 using data obtained by instruments aboard the Explorer 1 satellite.

In very hot and dense plasmas, as found in fusion research, it is often necessary to limit the thermal load to the probe by limiting the exposure time.

Geomagnetic storms result when the pressure of plasmas contained inside the magnetosphere is sufficiently large to inflate and thereby distort the geomagnetic field.

his discovery, independently with Roland Svensson of Sweden, of the negative heat behavior of optically thin, hot thermal plasmas dominated by electron-positron pairs, that is, the result

Since the distance between the Zeeman sub-levels is a function of the magnetic field, this effect can be used to measure the magnetic field, e. g. that of the Sun and other stars or in laboratory plasmas.

It is an important part of the behavior of charge-carrying fluids, such as ionized gases ( classical plasmas ) and conduction electrons in semiconductors and metals.

In Physics, the screened Poisson equation is a partial differential equation, which arises in ( for example ) Yukawa's theory of mesons and electric field screening in plasmas.

These plasmas appear to originate due to more than one set of weather and electrically-charged conditions, the scientific rationale for which is incomplete or not fully understood.

One suggestion is that meteors breaking up in the atmosphere and forming charged plasmas as opposed to burning completely or impacting as meteorites could explain some instances of the phenomena, in addition to other unknown atmospheric events.

Its central idea is that the dynamics of ionized gases ( or plasmas ) plays a decisive role in the physics of the universe at scales larger than the Solar system.

Here the TDLAS technique is used for measurement of metastable atom densities or neutral atom temperature and for identification of small amounts of impurities in plasmas.

Microscopically, the thermal energy is partly the kinetic energy of a system's constituent particles, which may be atoms, molecules, electrons, or particles in plasmas.

Scientific work is done in four major research areas that are supervised by one of the directors, respectively: optical and interpretative astronomy ( Bender ), infrared and sub-millimeter / millimeter astronomy ( Genzel ), high-energy astrophysics ( Nandra ), and theory, whereby this group also engages in experimental investigations of complex plasmas ( Morfill ).

The latter is the standard work horse of modern materials science, and even used in quantum theories of plasmas.

Recently, the use of soft x-rays emitted from laser-produced plasmas rather than synchrotron radiation is becoming more popular.

Coupling is also important in physics for the generation of plasmas.

According to the Ministry of Defence researchers, Russian scientists have connected their UAP work with plasmas and the wider potential use of plasmas and may have done " considerably more work ( than is evident from open sources )" on military applications, for example using UAP-type radiated fields to affect humans, and the possibility of producing and launching plasmas as decoys.