Electrons, within an electron shell around an atom, tend to distribute themselves as far apart from each other, within the given shell, as they can ( due to each one being negatively charged ).

Electrons are fermions with S = 1 / 2 ; quanta of light are bosons with S = 1.

* Electrons are fermions, but when they pair up into Cooper pairs they act as bosons, and so can collectively form a coherent state at low temperatures.

Electrons are fermions, and obey the exclusion principle, which means that no two electrons can share a single energy state within an atom ( if spin is ignored ).

Electrons and holes are both fermions with half integer spin.

Electrons cannot cross the insulating gap between the laminations and so are unable to circulate on wide arcs.

Electrons can be used in these situations, whereas X-rays cannot, because electrons interact more strongly with atoms than X-rays do.

Electrons also conduct electric current through conductive solids, and the thermal and electrical conductivities of most metals have about the same ratio.

Electrons are usually generated in an electron microscope by a process known as thermionic emission from a filament, usually tungsten, in the same manner as a light bulb, or alternatively by field electron emission.

Electrons in solids have a chemical potential, defined the same way as the chemical potential of a chemical species: The change in free energy when electrons are added or removed from the system.

*“ Electrons move at the same speed whether at Intel or AMD .”

* Electrons, atoms and any other object ( such as a baseball, as described by quantum physics )

Electrons and many elementary particles also have intrinsic magnetic moments, an explanation of which requires a quantum mechanical treatment and relates to the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles as discussed in the article electron magnetic dipole moment.

Electrons do not " orbit " the nucleus in the classical sense of angular momentum, however the mathematical representation of still leads to the quantum mechanical version of angular momentum.

Perhaps the most famous conference was the October 1927 Fifth Solvay International Conference on Electrons and Photons, where the world's most notable physicists met to discuss the newly formulated quantum theory.

Electrons that populate a shell are said to be in a bound state.

Electrons in this state are 45 % likely to be found within the solid body shown.

Electrons that populate a shell are said to be in a bound state.

Electrons which are trapped in an electromagnetic cavity are in a bound state and thus organise themselves as they do in a regular atom, thus expressing chemical-like behaviour.

Electrons and holes are injected into the organic layer at the electrodes and form excitons, a bound state of the electron and hole.

Electrons are particulate radiation and, hence, have cross section many times larger than photons, so that they do not penetrate the product beyond a few inches, depending on product density.

" Electrons are dashing about me – like so many fiery comets!

These he interpreted as " negative-energy electrons " and attempted to identify them with protons in his 1930 paper A Theory of Electrons and Protons However, these " negative-energy electrons " turned out to be positrons, and not protons.

Mnemonics: LEO Red Cat ( Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, Reduction occurs at the Cathode ), or AnOx Red Cat ( Anode Oxidation, Reduction Cathode ), or OIL RIG ( Oxidation is Loss, Reduction is Gain of electrons ), or Roman Catholic and Orthodox ( Reduction-Cathode, anode-Oxidation ), or LEO the lion says GER ( Losing electrons is Oxidation, Gaining electrons is Reduction )

Electrons at these states can be easily excited to the conduction band, becoming free electrons, at room temperature.

Electrons behave as beams of energy, and in the presence of a potential U ( z ), assuming 1-dimensional case, the energy levels ψ < sub > n </ sub >( z ) of the electrons are given by solutions to Schrödinger ’ s equation,

Electrons, however, could not pass in the reverse direction because the plate was not heated and thus not capable of thermionic emission of electrons.

Electrons can be exchanged between materials on contact ; materials with weakly bound electrons tend to lose them, while materials with sparsely filled outer shells tend to gain them.

* Bhees: Beams of High Energy Electrons, these are beams of focused and accelerated electrons with considerable penetrating power.

Electrons ionized from the neutral gas are not useful in sustaining the negative corona process by generating secondary electrons for further avalanches, as the general movement of electrons in a negative corona is outward from the curved electrode.

Electrons in pi bonds are sometimes referred to as pi electrons.

Electrons from the cathode collide with the anode material, usually tungsten, molybdenum or copper, and accelerate other electrons, ions and nuclei within the anode material.

Electrons and holes diffuse into regions with lower concentrations of electrons and holes, much as ink diffuses into water until it is uniformly distributed.

Electrons have higher diffusion constant than holes leading to fewer excess electrons at the center as compared to holes.

They ’ ll carry it with them in their future life …. And this future life in the body of eons will be very long, almost as long as the Universe itself .” Suggests Charon, “ the electrons which form my body are not only carriers of what I call ‘ my ’ spirit, but, in fact constitute my spirit itself .” Electrons are sent individually into the Universe to learn and to increase the order of the Universe ; “ the psychic level of the whole Universe progressively elevates itself … during the ‘ successively lived experiences ’ of elemental matter .” The goal of each electron is to increase its energy to the highest level of sustainable excitement ; that is, to contain the most information within the largest stable system of organization possible.

Electrons move according to the cross product of the magnetic field and the electron propagation vector, such that, in an infinite uniform field moving electrons take a circular motion at a constant radius dependent upon electron velocity and field strength according to the following equation, which can be derived from circular motion:

Electrons are responsible for emission of most EMR because they have low mass, and therefore are easily accelerated by a variety of mechanisms.

Electrons are at the heart of cathode ray tubes, which have been used extensively as display devices in laboratory instruments, computer monitors and television sets.

Electrons have the least mass of all the charged leptons.

For instance, " Electrons attract protons " and " Electrons have negative charge " employ the terms " protons " and " negative charge " ( with the latter also implicitly using the concept of " charge ").

Electrons ( things that have P1 ) have charge ( P2 ).

Electrons ( things that have P1 ) cause lightning.

Electrons have

Electrons emerging from the accelerator have energies up to 25MeV and are moving an appreciable fraction ( 95-99 + percent ) of the speed of light ( relativistic velocities ).

( Electrons have the Z-value unity, for nuclei it is the atomic number ).

Electrons do not penetrate as deeply into matter as X-rays, hence electron diffraction reveals structure near the surface ; neutrons do penetrate easily and have an advantage that they possess an intrinsic magnetic moment that causes them to interact differently with atoms having different alignments of their magnetic moments.

Electrons also have a long ballistic length at this temperature ; their mean free path can be several micrometres.

Electrons that have a velocity component that is parallel to the magnetic field will rather " stretch out " the circle and form helical paths, the pitch of which is subject to the rotation period and the parallel velocity component.