Electrons in an s orbital benefit from closer proximity to the positively charged atom nucleus, and are therefore lower in energy.

Electrons are the charge carriers in metals and they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in the opposite direction of the electric field.

Electrons are extracted from metal electrodes either by heating the electrode, causing thermionic emission, or by applying a strong electric field and causing field electron emission.

Electrons can also be emitted from the electrodes of certain metals when light of frequency greater than the threshold frequency falls on it.

Electrons which diffuse from the cathode into the P-doped layer, or anode, become what is termed " minority carriers " and tend to recombine there with the majority carriers, which are holes, on a timescale characteristic of the material which is the p-type minority carrier lifetime.

: Electrons are transferred from iron reducing oxygen in the atmosphere into water on the cathode, which is placed in another region of the metal.

Electrons flow from the source terminal towards the drain terminal if influenced by an applied voltage.

Electrons are drawn from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity.

Electrons emitted from the filament move several times in back and forth movements around the grid before finally entering the grid.

Electrons can absorb energy from photons when irradiated, but they usually follow an " all or nothing " principle.

Electrons ejected from a solid will generally undergo multiple scattering events and lose energy in the form of collective electron density oscillations called plasmons.

Electrons tunnel from one wire to another through the island.

Electrons from ionized atoms interact mainly with neutral atoms, causing thermal bremsstrahlung radiation.

Electrons scatter from all of these, resulting in resistance to their flow.

Electrons then leak from the belt to the upper comb and to the terminal, leaving the belt positively charged as it returns down and the terminal negatively charged.

Electrons can also be completely removed from a chemical species such as an atom, molecule, or ion.

Electrons are able to jump from one band to another.

Synchrotron radiation was named after its discovery in a General Electric synchrotron accelerator built in 1946 and announced in May 1947 by Frank Elder, Anatole Gurewitsch, Robert Langmuir, and Herb Pollock in a letter entitled " Radiation from Electrons in a Synchrotron ".

Electrons in this system are not conserved, but are rather continually entering from oxidized 2H < sub > 2 </ sub > O ( O < sub > 2 </ sub > + 4 H < sup >+</ sup > + 4 e < sup >-</ sup >) and exiting with NADP < sup >+</ sup > when it is finally reduced to NADPH.

Electrons are usually generated in an electron microscope by a process known as thermionic emission from a filament, usually tungsten, in the same manner as a light bulb, or alternatively by field electron emission.

Electrons in solids have a chemical potential, defined the same way as the chemical potential of a chemical species: The change in free energy when electrons are added or removed from the system.

Electrons flow from the negative terminal of the power supply up the negative rail, across the projectile, and down the positive rail, back to the power supply.

Electrons ionized from the neutral gas are not useful in sustaining the negative corona process by generating secondary electrons for further avalanches, as the general movement of electrons in a negative corona is outward from the curved electrode.

Electrons are responsible for emission of most EMR because they have low mass, and therefore are easily accelerated by a variety of mechanisms.

Electrons are at the heart of cathode ray tubes, which have been used extensively as display devices in laboratory instruments, computer monitors and television sets.

Electrons are particulate radiation and, hence, have cross section many times larger than photons, so that they do not penetrate the product beyond a few inches, depending on product density.

Electrons, being fermions, cannot occupy the same quantum state, so electrons have to " stack " within an atom, i. e. have different spins while at the same place.

Electrons have the least mass of all the charged leptons.

Electrons also conduct electric current through conductive solids, and the thermal and electrical conductivities of most metals have about the same ratio.

For instance, " Electrons attract protons " and " Electrons have negative charge " employ the terms " protons " and " negative charge " ( with the latter also implicitly using the concept of " charge ").

Electrons ( things that have P1 ) have charge ( P2 ).

Electrons ( things that have P1 ) cause lightning.

Electrons have

Electrons and many elementary particles also have intrinsic magnetic moments, an explanation of which requires a quantum mechanical treatment and relates to the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles as discussed in the article electron magnetic dipole moment.

( Electrons have the Z-value unity, for nuclei it is the atomic number ).

Electrons do not penetrate as deeply into matter as X-rays, hence electron diffraction reveals structure near the surface ; neutrons do penetrate easily and have an advantage that they possess an intrinsic magnetic moment that causes them to interact differently with atoms having different alignments of their magnetic moments.

Electrons have higher diffusion constant than holes leading to fewer excess electrons at the center as compared to holes.

Electrons also have a long ballistic length at this temperature ; their mean free path can be several micrometres.

Electrons that have a velocity component that is parallel to the magnetic field will rather " stretch out " the circle and form helical paths, the pitch of which is subject to the rotation period and the parallel velocity component.

Electrons were ideal for the role, as they are abundant and easily accelerated to high energies due to their electric charge.

* Electrons are fermions, but when they pair up into Cooper pairs they act as bosons, and so can collectively form a coherent state at low temperatures.