The Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes, assuming the command in person, met the invaders in Cilicia.

Alp Arslan humiliating Emperor Romanos IV after the Battle of Manzikert.

Led by a pretender claiming to be Constantine Diogenes, a long-dead son of the Emperor Romanos IV, the Cumans crossed the mountains and raided into eastern Thrace until their leader was eliminated at Adrianople.

The Bulgarian monarch, who had further irritated his Byzantine counterpart by claiming the title " Emperor of the Romans " ( basileus tōn Rōmaiōn ), was eventually recognized, as " Emperor of the Bulgarians " ( basileus tōn Boulgarōn ) by the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lakapenos in 924.

The Emperor Constantine Porphyrogennetos ( r. 945 – 959 ), in his book De Administrando Imperio, admonishes his son and heir, Romanos II ( r. 959 – 963 ), to never reveal the secrets of its construction, as it was " shown and revealed by an angel to the great and holy first Christian emperor Constantine " and that the angel bound him " not to prepare this fire but for Christians, and only in the imperial city ".

* Romanos III, Byzantine Emperor

* Romanos IV, Byzantine Emperor

* December 16 – Romanos I Lekapenos, Byzantine Emperor 920 – 944 ( b. c. 870 )

* March 15 – Romanos II, Byzantine Emperor ( b. 939 )

Though Otto I preferred Byzantine Princess Anna Porphyrogenita, daughter of former Byzantine Emperor Romanos II, as she was born in the purple, her age ( then only five years old ) prevented serious consideration by the East.

Basil was the son of Emperor Romanos II and Empress Theophano, whose maternal family was of Laconian Greek origin originating in the Peloponnesian region of Laconia, possibly from the city of Sparta.

Because he and his brother, the future Emperor Constantine VIII ( ruled 1025 – 1028 ), were too young to reign in their own right, Basil's mother Theophano married one of Romanos ' leading generals, who took the throne as the Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas several months later in 963.

In the early years of his reign, the administration remained in the hands of the eunuch Basil Lekapenos ( an illegitimate son of Emperor Romanos I ), President of the Senate, a wily and gifted man, who hoped that the young emperors would be his puppets.

Skopje surrendered shortly after the battle ; its governor, Romanos, was treated with overt kindness by the Emperor.

He was the son of the Emperor Romanos II and Theophano, and the younger brother of the eminent Basil II, who died childless and thus left the rule of the Byzantine Empire in his hands.

* Romanos Lekapenos becomes regent for Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII.

* Romanos I is overthrown, and Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII reigns alone.

* Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos is deposed as Byzantine emperor by his own sons, Stephen Lekapenos and Constantine Lekapenos.

A protracted struggle with the supporters of Euthymios followed, which did not end until the new Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos promulgated the Tomos of Union in 920.

Theophylact was the youngest son of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos by Theodora.

From the accession of Emperor Romanos II in 959, Nikephoros and his younger brother Leo were placed in charge of the eastern and western field armies, respectively.

* 681 – Bulgaria is founded as a Khanate on the south bank of the Danube after defeating the Byzantine armies of Emperor Constantine IV south of the Danube delta.

* 1203 – Isaac II Angelos, restored Eastern Roman Emperor, declares his son Alexios IV Angelos co-emperor after pressure from the forces of the Fourth Crusade.

Although some sources state that Ealdred attended the coronation of Emperor Henry IV, this is not possible, as on the date that Henry was crowned, Ealdred was in England consecrating an abbot.

The crusaders, whose objective had been Egypt, were persuaded to set their course for Constantinople before which they appeared in June 1203, proclaiming Alexios IV as Emperor and inviting the populace of the capital to depose his uncle.

* Maria ( renamed Eirene ), who married Emperor Michael Asen IV of Bulgaria

However, during the schism between Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV, Absalon stayed loyal to Valdemar even as he joined the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barberossa in supporting Victor IV.

* Alexius IV of Trebizond, Emperor of Trebizond

When Frederick IV of Habsburg sided with Antipope John XXIII at the Council of Constance, Emperor Sigismund placed him under the Imperial ban.

Aldona had two daughters, Cunigunde ( died in 1357 ), who married Louis VI the Roman, the son of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, on 1 January 1345, and Elisabeth ( died in 1361 ), who was married to Duke Bogislaus V of Pomerania.

Elisabeth's daughter, Elizabeth of Pomerania, was the fourth wife of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor.

He thus broke allegiance with Philip and assembled a broad coalition including Emperor Otto IV, King John I of England, Duke Henry I of Brabant, Count William I of Holland, Duke Theobald I of Lorraine, and Duke Henry III of Limburg.

The campaign was designed by John, who was the fulcrum of the alliances ; his plan being to draw the French away from Paris southward against himself and keep him occupied, while the main army, under Emperor Otto IV, marched on Paris from the north.

The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.

Some notable collectors were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Henry IV of France and Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg, who started the Berlin Coin Cabinet ( German: Münzkabinett Berlin ).

It was he who, in old age, crowned Louis IV of Bavaria as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328.

Gregory VII appeared to have succeeded when the emperor Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor was humiliated at Canossa in 1077.

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor was one of those monarchs who found himself excommunicated.

On Palm Sunday, 1084, Henry IV solemnly enthroned Clement at St. Peter ’ s Basilica and on Easter Day, Clement returned the favor and crowned Henry IV as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

The struggle over investiture between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor had dramatized the clash between church and state.

It was the 7th Cavalry whose troopers were charged with guarding the Imperial Palace of the Emperor.

This circular edifice, constructed by Agrippa in B.C. 27, was rebuilt in its present shape by the Emperor Hadrian.

The great column from which the square takes its name was erected by the Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

Among the many severe measures taken by the First Emperor, Shih Huang-ti, in his efforts to insure the continuation of this hard-won national unity, was the burning of the books in 213 B.C., with the expressed intention of removing possible sources for divergent thinking ; ;

It was pleasant last night, therefore, to hear him do something else: a concerto he has recently recorded, `` The Emperor ''.

In three arduous campaigns, the first two of which were conducted by the emperor himself while the third was directed by Manuel Comnenos ( great-uncle of Emperor Manuel Comnenos ), the Turks were defeated in detail in 1070 and driven across the Euphrates.

Antoninus Pius (; born 19 September 86AD – died 7 March 161AD ), also known as Antoninus, was Roman Emperor from 138AD to 161AD.

He was next appointed by the Emperor Hadrian as one of the four proconsuls to administer Italia, then greatly increased his reputation by his conduct as proconsul of Asia, probably during 134 – 135.

One of his first acts as Emperor was to persuade the Senate to grant divine honours to Hadrian, which they had at first refused ; his efforts to persuade the Senate to grant these honours is the most likely reason given for his title of Pius ( dutiful in affection ; compare pietas ).

Augustus (, September 23, 63 BC – August 19, 14 AD ) was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.

He was succeeded as Emperor by his adopted son ( also stepson and former son-in-law ) Tiberius.

Perisapora was captured and destroyed by Emperor Julian in 363, but speedily rebuilt.

He was a very popular political figure, and since he was the Governor in the effective capital in the Roman West, he was a recognizable figure in the court of the Emperor Valentinian I. Ambrose never married.

He went, his eloquence in defense of the Church reportedly overawed the ministers of Emperor Valentinian, so he was permitted to retire without making the surrender of the churches.

The imperial court was displeased with the religious principles of Ambrose, however his aid was soon solicited by the Emperor.

By 100 Trajan was back in Rome as Emperor instead of merely being a Consul.

Their most famous battle against Rome took place in Argentoratum ( Strasbourg ), in 357, where they were defeated by Julian, later Emperor of Rome, and their king Chnodomarius was taken prisoner to Rome.

Charles, anxious to secure such a famous fighter, gladly assented to Albert's demands and gave the imperial sanction to his possession of the lands taken from the bishops of Würzburg and Bamberg ; and his conspicuous bravery was of great value to the Emperor on the retreat from Metz in January 1553.

The dispute was referred to Emperor Charles V and other princes, but as no settlement was reached Albert continued his efforts to obtain help in view of a renewal of the war.

The city remained a Free Imperial City, subject to the Emperor only, but was politically far too weak to influence the policies of any of its neighbours.