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Emperors and Rome
* 238 – Year of the Six Emperors: The Roman Senate outlaws emperor Maximinus Thrax for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne.
His State cult in Rome probably continued until the abolition of all such cults of dead Emperors by Maximinus Thrax in 237 – 238.
According to Cassius Dio, living Emperors could be worshipped as divine in the east and dead Emperors could be worshipped as divine in Rome.
The cities where Emperors lived frequently in this period — Milan, Trier, Arles, Sirmium, Serdica, Thessaloniki, Nicomedia, and Antioch — were treated as alternate imperial seats, to the exclusion of Rome and its senatorial elite.
The importance and meaning of coronation ceremonies and regalia also varied within the tradition: for instance Holy Roman Emperors could only be crowned emperor by the pope, which meant the coronation ceremony usually took place in Rome, often several years after these emperors had ascended to the throne ( as " king ") in their home country.
In the late 3rd century, by the end of the epoch of the barracks emperors in Rome, there were two Britannic Emperors, reigning for about a decade.
The Emperors, however, had a policy of preserving the unity between Constantinople and Rome ; and this remained possible only if they did not swerve from the line defined at Chalcedon.
When the Bishop of Constantinople was exiled from his See, he wrote three letters to those he considered the most important Bishops of the West seeking to obtain their support with the Emperors: he wrote one letter to the Bishop of Rome, the second to the Bishop of Milan and the third to the Bishop of Aquileia, precisely, Chromatius ( Ep.
* Canduci, Alexander, Triumph and Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome ’ s Immortal Emperors ( 2010 )
The onlooker with his staff, could be Aeneas, a hero of the Trojan Wars who saved his father by carrying over his back ( hence his hunched position, and his Trojan beard ) and who is believed to have founded Rome, and from whom the Julian clan, thus Julius Caesar and Attia, claimed descent, witnessing the conception of Rome's future savior as an Empire, and the greatest of all the Emperors.
The idea of the two halves, the East and the West, re-emerged and eventually resulted in the permanent de facto division into two separate Roman empires after the death of Theodosius I ( though it is important to remember that the Empire was never formally divided, Emperors of East and West legally ruling as one imperial college until the fall of Rome's western empire left Byzantium, the " second Rome ", sole direct heir ).
* 96 – 180: Five Good Emperors of Rome: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius
It is probable that Glycerius left Ravenna for Rome, probably to resist the invader ; the clue is a silver coin minted in Rome, in which Glycerius claims to be Emperor together with other two Emperors ( Leo II and Zeno ), thus not recognising Julius Nepos.
* April 22 – Year of the Six Emperors: The Senate outlaws Maximinus for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne.
* The Seleucid Empire comes to an end with the last two Emperors being murdered on orders from Rome.
) Or were the Holy Roman Emperors vicars of the Pope ( as a sort of Archemperor ) ruling Christendom, with the Pope directly responsible only for the environs of Rome and spiritual duties?
The Patriarchate was restored by the conquering Islamic Ottoman ruler, Sultan Mehmed II, who wished to establish his dynasty as the direct heirs of the Eastern Roman Emperors, and who adopted the imperial title Kayser-i-Rûm " Caesar of Rome ", one of his subsidiary titles but a most significant one.
* Canduci, Alexander, Triumph and Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome ’ s Immortal Emperors, Pier 9 ( 2010 )
* Scarre, Chris, Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers of Imperial Rome, Thames & Hudson, 1995.
Early Roman initiates at Eleusis in Greece included Sulla and Cicero ; thereafter many Emperors were initiated, including Hadrian, who founded an Eleusinian cult centre in Rome itself.
Even the early Christian Emperors continued to use it ; it was only relinquished by Gratian, possibly in AD 376 at the time of his visit to Rome, or more probably in 383 when a delegation of pagan senators implored him to restore the Altar of Victory in the Senate House.
Some, though not all early Holy Roman Emperors travelled to Rome at some point in their careers to be crowned by the pope.

Emperors and often
In Ancient China, successful men often supported several concubines — for example, it has been documented that Chinese Emperors accommodated numbers in the thousands.
Historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors ( chosen by prince-electors but often coming from the same dynasty ) and the free election of kings of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Among the several meanings of the term res publica, it is most often translated " republic " where the Latin expression refers to the Roman state, and its form of government, between the era of the Kings and the era of the Emperors.
Court eunuchs had a significant role in the power structure, as Emperors often relied on a few of them as confidants, which gave them access to many court documents.
During the Renaissance the Spanish Emperors fought wars over the Papal States, often against the Pope.
He also showed great respect towards the Roman senate, as suggested by the message he addressed it on the eve of his crowning: he promised the senators he would not take into account the accusations of the informers, who were very feared as they were often instruments in the hands of the Emperors, used to cause the fall of influential figures.
In Europe, all Ottoman Emperors were commonly referred to by the title of Sultan, rather than by those of Padishah or Caliph, which had a higher rank than that of Sultan, and were also often informally referred to by such terms unrelated to the Ottoman protocol as the Grand Turk and the Grand Seigneur or Gran Signore.
Emperors of the T ' ang dynasty ( T ' ai Tsung and Kao Tsung ) often invited Zhang Guo Lao to court, but he always declined these invitations.
In India, cenotaphs are a basic element of Hindu architecture borrowed from Islamic architecture, as seen in most of the mausoleums of Mughal Emperors which have two burial chambers, the upper one with a cenotaph, as in Humayun's Tomb, Delhi or the Taj Mahal, Agra, while the real tomb often lies exactly below it, or further removed.
Another way to look at this translation is to remember that in the medieval period the Eastern ( Byzantine ) and Western ( Holy Roman ) Emperors often recognized each other and even inter-married.
" Other works of Guevara are the Decada de los Césares ( Valladolid, 1539 ), or " Lives of the Ten Roman Emperors ," in imitation of the manner of Plutarch and Suetonius ; and the Epistolas familiares ( Valladolid, 1539 – 1545 ), sometimes called " The Golden Letters ," often printed in Spain, and translated into all the principal languages of Europe.
A third work has often been attributed to him, A Brief History of Lives of Popes and Emperors (, Venice, 1555 ), but new research claims that it was not Barleti ’ s work, but rather an extract from Giovanni Stella ’ s works, published by Bernardino de Vitali.
Emperors who favoured Taoism and Buddhism neglecting the worship of Heaven were often seen as anomalous.
Emperors often built baths to gain favour for themselves and to create a lasting monument of their generosity.
The Varangian Guard not only provided security for the Byzantine Emperors, but participated in many wars involving Byzantium and often played a crucial role, since they were usually used at the critical moments of a battle.
“ No other type of intellectual could compete with them in popularity, no creative artists existed to challenge their prestige at the courts of phil-Hellenic Emperors, and though the sophists often show jealousy of the philosophers, philosophy without eloquence was nowhere .” Not only were the wealthy citizens encouraging their sons to follow the sophistic profession, but nobles were more than proud to claim relation with celebrated sophists.
Famous works have accumulated numbers of red " appreciation seals ", and often poems added by later owners-the Qianlong Emperor ( 1711 – 1799 ) was a prolific adder of his own poems, following earlier Emperors.
Since leaving the group, Woodson began a solo career, and often toured with a Temptations-like revue called Ali-Ollie Woodson & the Emperors of Soul ( Emperors of Soul being the name of the Temptations ' 1994 box set ).
Like his father, Francesco was often despotic, but while Cosimo had known how to maintain Florentine independence, Francesco acted more like a vassal of his father-in-law, the emperor, and subsequent Holy Roman Emperors.
The year 69 is often called the " Year of the Four Emperors " because it saw four usurpers successively claim the purple.
The Kangxi, Qianlong and Jiaqing Emperors often spent several months a year here to escape the summer heat in the capital city of Beijing and the palace zone in the southern part of the resort was therefore designed to resemble the Forbidden City in Beijing.
The distinctive garments of the Emperors ( often there were two at a time ) and Empresses were the crown and the heavily jewelled Imperial loros or pallium, a version of the Roman toga worn by Consuls ( during the reign of Justinian I, Consulship became part of the imperial status ), and worn by the Emperor and Empress as a quasi-ecclesiastical garment.

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