In England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Australia, arraignment is the first of eleven stages in a criminal trial, and involves the clerk of the court reading out the indictment.

The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia since 1882.

It is one of the most celebrated rivalries in international cricket and is currently played biennially, alternately in England and Australia.

The series is named after a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper, The Sporting Times, in 1882 after a match at The Oval in which Australia beat England on an English ground for the first time.

England is the current holder after winning the Ashes in 2009 and again in the 2010 / 11 series in Australia.

The first Test match between England and Australia was played in 1877, though the Ashes legend started later, after the ninth Test, played in 1882.

Australia made a mere 63 runs in its first innings, and England, led by A. N. Hornby, took a 38-run lead with a total of 101.

As it took many years for the name " The Ashes " to be given to the ongoing series between England and Australia, there was no concept of there being a representation of the ashes being presented to the winners.

It is in fact a private memento, and for this reason it is never awarded to either England or Australia, but is kept permanently in the MCC Cricket Museum where it can be seen together with the specially made red and gold velvet bag and the scorecard of the 1882 match.

Later in 1882, following the famous Australian victory at The Oval, Bligh led an England team to Australia, as he said, to " recover those ashes ".

Australia won the First Test by nine wickets, but in the next two England were victorious.

Australia had scored a massive 586 ( Syd Gregory 201, George Giffen 161 ) and then dismissed England for 325.

But England responded with 437 and then dramatically dismissed Australia for 166 with Bobby Peel taking 6 for 67.

In the First Test ( the first played at Edgbaston ), after scoring 376 England bowled out Australia for 36 ( Wilfred Rhodes 7 / 17 ) and reduced them to 46 – 2 when they followed on.

The title of this book revived the Ashes legend and it was after this that England v Australia series were customarily referred to as " The Ashes ".

Australia recorded overwhelming victories both in England and on home soil.

England managed to stay in contention until the deciding final Test at The Oval, but yet another double hundred by Bradman, and 7 / 92 by Percy Hornibrook in England's second innings, enabled Australia to win by an innings and take the series 2 – 1.

Although England decisively won the Ashes 4 – 1, Bodyline caused such a furore in Australia that diplomats had to intervene to prevent serious harm to Anglo-Australian relations, and the MCC eventually changed the Laws of cricket to curtail the number of leg side fielders.

England eventually faced a massive 707 run target for victory and failed, Australia winning the series 2 – 1.

The Ashes resumed after the war when England toured in 1946 – 47, and as in 1920 – 21, found that Australia had made the best post-war recovery.

Bradman's men were greeted by packed crowds across the country, and records for Test attendances in England were set in the Second and Fourth Tests at Lord's and Headingley respectively ; the crowd at Headingley remains a record, and it was there that Australia set a world record by chasing down 404 on the last day for a seven-wicket victory.

After winning the First Test by an innings after being controversially sent in by Hutton, Australia lost its way and England took a hat-trick of victories to win the series 3 – 1.

Of the 20 Tests played during the four series, Australia won four and England three.

It was in the 1960s that the bipolar dominance of England and Australia in world cricket was seriously challenged for the first time.

The latter's real descendents were unable to take root in England ; ;

The Jews had been banished from England in 1290 and were not permitted to return before 1655, when Shakespeare had been dead for thirty-nine years.

Baptists and Congregationalists in New England were on friendly terms.

namely, is the idea that there were Saxon mercenaries in England at all reasonable??

In Athens, in Shakespeare's England, and at Versailles, the hierarchies of worldly power were stable and manifest.

Adams depended largely on the dispatches of foreign ambassadors and observers in England, claiming that the reports of such agents had to be accurate because there were no newspapers.

Finally, colleges and clubs took the line that speakers from England were not wanted any longer, even speakers like S.K., so unlike the novelists and poets who had patronized the Americans for many years.

If the Hessian troops sent here willy-nilly by the Hessian Government to fight for England in the 1770's were mercenaries, what shall we call the UN troops sent to the Congo willy-nilly by their governments to fight for the United Nations??

There were also a couple in Canada, and several in England.

Several New England realtors were invited to participate in a small colloquium of property lawyers, political scientists, economists, social psychologists, social ethicists and theologians.

L'Unita and Hoy published identical denunciations of Short's elevation, l'Osservatore Romano and the Christian Science Monitor ignored it, Times of India snickered at it, and the Manchester Guardian simply reported it -- the Fosterites in England were few but extremely militant.

Anthropologists were recruited from England and the USA, setting the foundation for the unique Canadian style of anthropology.

Thus the only member churches of the present Anglican Communion existing by the mid-18th century were the Church of England, its closely linked sister church, the Church of Ireland ( which also separated from Roman Catholicism under Henry VIII ) and the Scottish Episcopal Church which for parts of the 17th and 18th centuries was partially underground ( it was suspected of Jacobite sympathies ).

By 1840 there were still only ten colonial bishops for the Church of England ; but even this small beginning greatly facilitated the growth of Anglicanism around the world.

The fictional Hundred Acre Wood of the Pooh stories derives from Five Hundred Acre Wood in Ashdown Forest in East Sussex, South East England, where the Pooh stories were set.

At the end of the Third Test, England were generally considered to have " won back the Ashes " 2 – 1.

West Indies defeated England twice in the mid-1960s and South Africa, in two series before they were banned for apartheid, completely outplayed Australia 3 – 1 and 4 – 0.

A 4 – 1 result was a fair reflection as England were left shell shocked.

During the Fourth Test news broke that prominent England players had agreed to take part in a " rebel tour " of South Africa the following winter ; three of them ( Tim Robinson, Neil Foster and John Emburey ) were playing in the match, and were subsequently dropped from the England side.