Other developments followed: including the laser diode in the 1970s, optical fibers for transmitting information, and the Erbium-doped fiber amplifier.

Erbium-doped YAG ( Er: YAG ) is an active laser medium lasing at 2940 nm.

The cable itself consists of four fibers, using Erbium-doped fiber amplifier repeaters and wavelength division multiplexing.

It was commissioned in 2002 and built by Tyco Submarine Systems of the USA with an initial capacity of 10 Gigabits per second, and current capacity of 440 Gigabits per second. It has four fiber strands, using Erbium-doped fiber amplifier repeaters and wavelength division multiplexing.

* Solids, such as crystals and glasses.

In glasses ( solids that exist in a vitreous disordered state ), atoms may also be held together by chemical bonds without presence of any definable molecule, but also without any of the regularity of repeating units that characterises crystals.

Neodymium ions in various types of ionic crystals, and also in glasses, act as a laser gain medium, typically emitting 1064 nm light from a particular atomic transition in the neodymium ion, after being " pumped " into excitation from an external sourceNeodymium doped glass slabs used in extremely powerful lasers for inertial confinement fusion.

Components found in dishwasher detergents can chemically scour the glass, causing tiny crystals, which can precipitate further crystal growth that can turn entire glasses cloudy

Liquid crystals are commonly used in displays and shutter glasses.

Neodymium ions in various types of ionic crystals, and also in glasses, act as a laser gain medium, typically emitting 1064 nm light from a particular atomic transition in the neodymium ion, after being " pumped " into excitation from an external source

The highest Verdet constants are found in terbium doped dense flint glasses or in crystals of terbium gallium garnet ( TGG ).

* Conchoidal fracture, a breakage pattern characteristic to certain glasses and crystals

The Pockels effect occurs only in crystals that lack inversion symmetry, such as lithium niobate or gallium arsenide and in other noncentrosymmetric media such as electric-field poled polymers or glasses.

Emoto's water crystal experiments consist of exposing water in glasses to different words, pictures, or music, and then freezing and examining the aesthetics of the resulting crystals with microscopic photography.

The thermal expansion of glasses is higher compared to that of crystals.

And to see the meaning of this new picture, imagine that you can put on more powerful glasses and go back inside the atom and have a look at it in the way we view it today.

In this way photonic glasses can be grown.

Glasses containing both boron and phosphorus ( borophosphosilicate glass, BPSG ) undergo viscous flow at lower temperatures ; around 850 ° C is achievable with glasses containing around 5 weight % of both constituents, but stability in air can be difficult to achieve.

However, visual impairment can be a broader term, including, for example, people who have partial sight in one eye, those with uncorrectable mild to moderate poor vision, or even those who wear glasses, a group that would be excluded by the word blind.

In this wider sense, glasses can be made of quite different classes of materials: metallic alloys, ionic melts, aqueous solutions, molecular liquids, and polymers.

The use of safety glasses or goggles during priming operations can provide valuable protection in the rare event that an accidental detonation takes place.

The Jell-O shots can be served in shot glasses or small paper cups ; using the paper cups makes it easier for the people to eat it, but shot glasses are more attractive.

The historic drink can be served in an ice-frosted silver julep cup, but most Churchill Downs patrons sip theirs from souvenir glasses ( first offered in 1939 and available in revised form each year since ) printed with all previous Derby winners.

Liquid crystal phases can also be based on low-melting inorganic phases like ZnCl < sub > 2 </ sub > that have a structure formed of linked tetrahedra and easily form glasses.

Given high enough cooling rates and appropriate alloy composition, metallic bonding can occur even in glasses with an amorphous structure.

For example, the notion of gauge invariance forms the basis of the well-known Mattis spin glasses, which are systems with the usual spin degrees of freedom for i = 1 ,..., N, with the special fixed " random " couplings Here the ε < sub > i </ sub > and ε < sub > k </ sub > quantities can independently and " randomly " take the values ± 1, which corresponds to a most-simple gauge transformation This means that thermodynamic expectation values of measurable quantities, e. g. of the energy are invariant.

The stress in the rear window, however, changes some of the horizontally polarized light into vertically polarized light that can pass through the glasses.

Words such as " milk " or " rice " are not so obviously countable entities, but they can be counted with an appropriate unit of measure in both English and Mandarin ( e. g., " glasses of milk " or " spoonfuls of rice ").

These hybridized glasses have a very low level of optical dispersion ; only two compiled lenses made of these substances can yield a high level of correction.

Without his glasses, he is blind as a bat ; with them, he can see clearer and farther than a man with perfect vision.

In terms of band structure, classical semiconductors, insulators, ceramics, gemstones, minerals, and glasses can be treated the same way.

Though modern frames can be both lightweight and flexible, and new lens materials and optical coatings are resistant to breakage or scratching, glasses can still cause problems during rigorous sports.

Safety glasses can vary in the level of protection they provide.

The lenses of safety glasses can also be shaped for correction.

Corrective glasses with plastic lenses can be used in place of safety glasses in many environments ; this is one advantage that they have over contact lenses.

Full reading glasses are more suitable for people who only need them for close-up reading while half-eye reading glasses can be used to read at smaller or larger distances.

All bottles must be kept a safe distance away from the pool and drinking glasses are banned in favor of plastic or metal cups.

" After wearing glasses for a while, his eyes became adjusted to the lenses, and at that point he became nearsighted and really did need glasses, which would years later establish John as one of the most famous " four-eyes " in rock and roll, though Holly is widely considered to be the first.

Ozone glasses have excellent conformality but tend to be hygroscopic – that is, they absorb water from the air due to the incorporation of silanol ( Si-OH ) in the glass.

Noncrystalline ceramics, being glasses, tend to be formed from melts.

These traits extended into Clark's wardrobe, which typically consists of a bland-colored business suit, a red necktie, black-rimmed glasses ( which in Pre-Crisis stories had lenses of Kryptonian material that would not be damaged when he fired his heat vision through them ), combed-back hair, and occasionally a fedora.

The elements, such as point, line, plane, and others, could be substituted, as Hilbert says, by tables, chairs, glasses of beer and other such objects.

Hence, the relaxation period ( characteristic flow time ) of cathedral glasses would be even longer.

Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions ( or color centers ) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles ( such as in photochromic glasses ).

Moroccan tea pots have long, curved pouring spouts and this allows the tea to be poured evenly into tiny glasses from a height.

Early neodymium glasses made in the 1930s have a more reddish or orange tinge than modern versions which are more cleanly purple, due to the difficulties in removing the last traces of praseodymium in the era when fractional crystallization technology had to be relied on.

Light transmitted through neodymium glasses shows unusually sharp absorption bands ; the glass is used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral lines may be calibrated.

However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source.

Scientists were able to mimic this ocular response using glasses, and speculate that a similar pair of glasses may be available for human use within two years.