Pistoria ( in Latin other possible spellings are Pistorium or Pistoriae ) was centre of Gallic, Ligurian and Etruscan settlements before becoming a Roman colony in the 6th century BC, along the important road Via Cassia: in 62 BC the demagogue Catiline and his fellow conspirators were slain nearby.

However, the area was already settled in Etruscan and Roman times, and a medieval castle ( Castello di Valli ), whose ruins overlook now the modern town from a nearby hill, existed since at least 884.

On the acropolis and in a plain to the east, Tre Breci, is a site continuously occupied from the Neolithic to the Iron Age, in addition to the remains of Etruscan Luni ( which was then in Etruria ) on a higher plateau nearby.

Some identify the town with an Etruscan Verentum, others trace the name to ontano, Italian for alder, since alders cover the slopes of a nearby valley: Valle Ontano becoming Valentano.

* The Etruscan Museum, with sarcophagi from nearby tombs, as well as other objects from the tombs.

Sorano was probably inhabited by Villanovan culture, but the first historical mentions are relative to the 3rd century BC, when it was an Etruscan city under the influence of the more populous nearby Sovana.

The Sino-Caucasian hypothesis has been expanded by others to " Dené – Caucasian " to include the Na-Dené languages of North America, Burushaski, Basque and, occasionally, Etruscan.

Other pre-Roman civilizations include Magna Graecia ( or Greater Greece ), when Greeks began settling in Southern Italy in the 8th century BC and lasted until the 3rd century BC and also the Etruscan civilization, which flourished between 900 and 150 BC in the central section of the peninsula.

Other Etruscan chthonic ( or underworld ) figures include Charun, Calu, Phersipnai, Turms, Vanth, and Culsu

Other Etruscan Chthonic ( or underworld ) figures include Charun, Calu, Phersipnai, Turms, Aita, and Culsu

For example, abecedaria in the Etruscan alphabet from Marsiliana ( the Tuscana town ) include the letters B, D, and O, which indicate sounds not present in the Etruscan language and are therefore not found in Etruscan inscriptions.

The plants shown making the wreaths in Etruscan jewelry include ivy, oak, olive leaves, myrtle, laurel, wheat and vines.

Other such series include the Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum ( Etruscan inscriptions ), Corpus Inscriptionum Crucesignatorum Terrae Sanctae ( Crusaders ' inscriptions ), Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum, ( Celtic inscriptions ), Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum ( Iranian inscriptions ) and so forth.

Which variant of the Old Italic family in particular gave rise to the runes is uncertain, suggestions include Raetic, Etruscan, or Old Latin as candidates.

Notable rooms include the entrance hall, which has large semi-circular alcoves at each end, and the Etruscan dressing room, which Adam said was inspired by the Etruscan vases in Sir William Hamilton's collection, illustrations of which had recently been published.

Etruscan bronze figures and a terracotta funerary reliefs include examples of a vigorous Central Italian tradition which had waned by the time Rome began building her empire on the peninsula.

* The Etruscan necropolises, with some 6, 000 tombs, 200 of which include wall paintings.

A born collector, he and his sister, Princess Izabela Działyńska, expanded the collection to include: the Polonaise carpet, Etruscan and Greek vases, Roman and Egyptian antiquities, and other types of arms and armours, as well as Limoges enamels.

Originally known as Caere ( also Caisra and Cisra in Etruscan, Agylla, Άγυλλα in Greek ), it is famous for a number of Etruscan necropolis that include some of the best Etruscan tombs anywhere.

Though he wrote several inflammatory theological pamphlets, such as The Liturgy and the Dissenters ( 1860 ) and Leaves from an Egyptian Notebook ( 1888 ), he is chiefly remembered today for his archaeological and philological studies, which include Words and Places ( 1864 ), Etruscan Researches ( 1874 ), The Alphabet ( 1883 ), and Greeks and Goths ( 1879 ), in which he argued that the runes were derived from a variety of the Hellenic alphabet used in the Greek colonies on the Black Sea about the 6th century B. C.

The state rooms include the Library, the Music Room, Dining Room, and upstairs, a rather rare Etruscan Room.

Major works in her output include the Sinfonia da Pacifica, Etruscan Concerto, Concerto romantico, and her Harp sonata which was premiered by Nicanor Zabaleta in 1953 as well as several operas.

Lesser has produced three collections of her own poetry, including Etruscan Things ( 1983 ), and her prose translations include A Living Soul by P. C. Jersild and Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse.

* Hercle and Menerva on an Etruscan mirror from Città di Castello, c 300 B. C.

Etruscan walled town, Civita di Bagnoregio.

Indeed, at some Etruscan tombs, such as those of the Tumulus di Montefortini at Comeana ( see Carmignano ) in Tuscany, physical evidence of trade has been found in the form of grave goods — fine faience ware cups are particularly notable examples.

Reconstruction of an Etruscan temple, Museo di Villa Giulia, Rome, which is heavily influenced by studies of the Temple of Apollo at Portonaccio ( Veio )

Grimassi writes that Aradia di Toscano passed on a religion of witchcraft, based on ancient Etruscan paganism, to her followers ( whom Grimassi calls " The Triad Clans ").

The Tabula Capuana (" Tegola di Capua " Etruscophiles like to call it ), now conserved in Berlin, represents the second most extensive surviving Etruscan text, after the linen book the ( Liber Linteus ) used in Egypt for mummy wrappings, now at Zagreb.

What was true of the antiquities would be true also, he argued, of the Etruscan language, and the object of the Saggio di lingua Etrusca was to prove that this language must be related to that of the neighboring peoples: Romans, Umbrians, Oscans and Greeks.

More recent excavations, however, have found the remains of an Etruscan city wall ( c. 4th century BC ) underneath the current Piazzale del Cassero, and have discovered the remains of an Etruscan temple under one of the town's churches, la chiesa di Sant ' Angelo, which was built in the twelfth century.

Ruscio is a small fraction near Monteleone di Spoleto which is the village where the celebrated Etruscan chariot was found, that is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

* Etruscan necropolises, including the Tomb of the Queen and Pian di Mola.

* Etruscan chariot at Monteleone di Spoleto

In 1874, the British priest Isaac Taylor brought up the idea of a genetic relationship between Etruscan and Hungarian.

Excavations at Praeneste, an Etruscan city which became Roman, turned up about 118 cistae, one of which has been termed " the Praeneste cista " or " the Ficoroni cista " by art analysts, with special reference to the one manufactured by Novios Plutius and given by Dindia Macolnia to her daughter, as the archaic Latin inscription says.

Etruscan coins have turned up in caches or individually in tombs and in excavations seemingly at random, concentrated, of course, in Etruria.

The Greeks are thought to have come up with the innovation of vowel characters, and lacking a pharyngeal consonant, employed this letter as the Greek O to represent the vowel, a sound it maintained in Etruscan and Latin.

When Etruscan settlements turned up south of the border, it was presumed that the Etruscans spread there after the foundation of Rome, but the settlements are now known to have preceded Rome.

Scipio then marched to Volaterrae where he fought an indecisive engagement with the Etruscans before retreating to Falerii where he set up camp and started ravaging the Etruscan countryside.

This book is set on the cusp of the C5th & C4th BC, about a Roman girl married to an Etruscan man in the events leading up to the war between Rome and Veii.

The founding of Marseille and the penetration by Greek and Etruscan culture after ca 600 BC, resulted in long-range trade relationships up the Rhone valley which triggered social and cultural transformations in the Hallstatt settlements north of the Alps.

The Etruscan shrew has a very fast heart beating rate, up to 1511 beats / min ( 25 beats / s ) and a relatively large heart muscle mass, 1. 2 % of body weight.

Lemnos remained relatively free of Greek influence up to Hellenistic times, and interestingly, the Lemnos stele of the 6th century BC is inscribed with a language very similar to Etruscan.

It is clear that in the centuries leading up to Roman imperial times, the Raetians had at least come under Etruscan influence, as the Raetic inscriptions are written in what appears to be a northern variant of the Etruscan alphabet.

Monteleone is famous for one of the world's great archaeological finds: a 6th ‑ century BC Etruscan chariot that quickly followed the path of money and by the early 20th century had already wound up in the Metropolitan Museum in New York.

Thus, it would appear that Carthage's Total War against the Roman Republic breathed new life into the Etruscan " Old Ways ", and we infer that Carthage appealed to its enemy's enemies for support, pandering to smoldering Etruscan animosity towards their Roman overlords in order to open up a second military front against Rome.