Dante Alighieri, in the Divine Comedy, recounts that he saw Alfonso's spirit seated outside the gates of Purgatory with the other monarchs whom Dante blamed for the chaotic political state of Europe during the 13th century.

The Renaissance saw important changes to both the theory and practice of brassmaking in Europe.

" Ogan saw " media imperialism often described as a process whereby the United States and Western Europe produce most of the media products, make the first profits from domestic sales, and then market the products in Third World countries at costs considerably lower than those the countries would have to bear to produce similar products at home.

The second phase, between CE 500 and 900, saw Slavic, Turkic, and other tribes on the move, resettling in Eastern Europe and gradually making it predominantly Slavic, and affecting Anatolia and the Caucasus as the first Turkic tribes ( Avars, Huns, Khazars, Pechenegs ), as well as Bulgars, and possibly Magyars arrived.

The last phase of the migrations saw the coming of the Hungarian Magyars and the Viking expansion out of Scandinavia into Europe and the British Isles, as well as Greenland and Iceland.

Visiting cities in Europe and North America between September 1995 and February the following year, the tour saw the return of Gabrels as Bowie's guitarist.

The early years of the 19th century saw a flowering of encyclopedia publishing in the United Kingdom, Europe and America.

The next couple of years saw Lola improve slightly — their car was arguably marginally superior to the Reynard in 1990 — and March slip, but both were crushed by the Reynard teams and by the mid-90s, F3000 was a virtual Reynard monopoly, although Lola did eventually return with a promising car and the Japanese Footwork and Dome chassis were seen in Europe.

The Renaissance saw the continuation of interest in magic that had been found in the Mediaeval period, and in this period, there was an increased interest in Hermeticism amongst occultists and ceremonial magicians in Europe, largely fuelled by the 1471 translation of the ancient Corpus hermeticum into Latin by Marsilio Ficino ( 1433 – 1499 ).

William had already acquired the reputation of being the main champion in Europe of the Protestant cause against Catholicism and French absolutism ; in the developing English crisis he saw an opportunity to prevent an Anglo-French alliance and bring England to the anti-French side, by carrying out a military intervention directed against James.

The end of the 18th and the start of the 19th centuries saw turmoil unleashed throughout Europe by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, which led to French occupation of much of the continent, including Spain.

The reign of Alfonso XIII ( 1886 – 1931 ) saw the Spanish-American War of 1898, culminating in the loss of the Philippines plus Spain's last colonies in the Americas, Cuba and Puerto Rico ; the " Great War " in Europe ( now known as World War I, 1914 – 1918 ), although Spain maintained neutrality throughout the conflict ; the influenza pandemic nicknamed the Spanish Flu ( 1918 – 1919 ); and the Rif War in Morocco ( 1920 – 1926 ).

The first half of the 20th century saw Scottish universities fall behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment.

The 18th century saw the beginning of secularisation in Europe, gaining momentum after the French Revolution.

The so-called Migration Period saw Indo-Iranian languages disappear from Eastern Europe, apart from the ancestors of Ossetian in the Caucasus, with the arrival of the Turkic-speaking Pechenegs and others by the eighth century AD.

Argentine anarchist historian Angel Cappelletti reports that in Argentina " Among the workers that came from Europe in the 2 first decades of the century, there was curiously some stirnerian individualists influenced by the philosophy of Nietzsche, that saw syndicalism as a potential enemy of anarchist ideology.

The mid-nineteenth century saw mainly an influx from northern Europe ; the early twentieth-century mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe ; post-1965 mostly from Latin America and Asia.

With the promise of political emancipation many Jews saw no reason to continue to observe Jewish law and increasing numbers of Jews assimilated into Christian Europe.

In terms of fortification, the Middle Ages saw the emergence of the castle in Europe, which then spread to southwestern Asia.

With the translation of Confucian texts during the Enlightenment, the concept of a meritocracy reached intellectuals in the West, who saw it as an alternative to the traditional ancient regime of Europe.

With the translation of Confucian texts during the Enlightenment, the concept of a meritocracy reached intellectuals in the West, who saw it as an alternative to the traditional ancient regime of Europe.

Square pianos were built in great numbers through the 1840s in Europe and the 1890s in America, and saw the most visible change of any type of piano: the iron-framed, over-strung squares manufactured by Steinway & Sons were more than two-and-a-half times the size of Zumpe's wood-framed instruments from a century before.

In continental Europe, on the other hand, the postwar decades saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy, with Marxism dominating the field.

Phayer argues that Pius XII – both before and during his papacy – consistently " deferred to Germany at the expense of Poland ", and saw Germany – not Poland – as critical to " rebuilding a large Catholic presence in Central Europe ".

The university clinics attached to the RWTH, the Klinikum Aachen, is the biggest single-building hospital in Europe.

The ports of Antwerp and Bruges-Zeebrugge are two of the biggest seaports in Europe.

Kew Gardens in London has one of the biggest non-commercial compost heaps in Europe.

At the St Pancras ceremony, DB revealed that it planned to operate from London to Frankfurt and Amsterdam ( two of the biggest air travel markets in Europe ), with trains ' splitting & joining ' in Brussels.

Until the 13th century Ghent was the biggest city in Europe after Paris ; it was bigger than London, Cologne or Moscow.

In 1938 Gdynia was the largest and most modern seaport on the Baltic Sea, as well as the tenth biggest in Europe.

The neighbourhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land region ( old land ), the biggest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe.

Another tourist sight in Anderten is the Hindenburg Lock, which was the biggest lock in Europe at the time of its construction in 1928.

The adjoint shopping centre, which will be constructed until 2015, will be one of the 5 biggest in Europe and among the 10 biggest IKEA stores in the world.

In January 2010 Kazakhstan assumed the chairmanship of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ), the biggest regional security organization, connecting 56 countries of Europe, North America and Asia.

In Europe, his greatest success was Sandokan, the saga of a romantic Asian pirate during British colonial times ; an Italian-German-French TV series which broke viewership records across Europe .. Kabir also recently starred in a prime-time Italian television series, Un Medico In Famiglia, on RAI TV, the country's biggest broadcaster.

In the Panic of 1873, Alfred continued to expand, including the purchase of Spanish mines and Dutch shipping, making Krupp the biggest company in Europe but nearly bankrupting it.

The Westfield open cast coal mine lies to the west of the village and is still regarded as the biggest man-made hole in Europe by local people.

In Elche, Spain, the location of the biggest palm grove in Europe, there is a tradition of tying and covering palm leaves to whiten them away from sunlight and then drying and braiding them in elaborate shapes.

In Europe, the socialist Left Party in Germany grew in popularity due to dissatisfaction with the increasingly neoliberal policies of the SPD, becoming the fourth biggest party in parliament in the general election on 27 September 2009.

His broadcasting company Mediaset is the largest in the country and one of the biggest in Europe, Berlusconi never fulfilled his election promises to sell off his assets in the company to avoid a conflict of interest.

This cave offers one of the biggest Neolithic deposits in Europe.

* July: " Milan ", Europe ’ s biggest Hindustani open air event held in Zuiderpark.

In 2009 the band played at the biggest open-air festival in Europe ( 400. 000-500. 000 rock fans every year )-Przystanek Woodstock in Poland

On 29 September 1981, the Undertones embarked on their biggest tour of Continental Europe, which lasted until 20 October 1981 and saw the band perform a total of 19 concerts in six countries.

The biggest tabloid ( and newspaper in general ) in Europe, by circulation, is Germany's Bild, with around 4 million copies ( down from above 5 million in the 1980s ).

* Windmill Windup Amsterdam, the biggest annual tournament in Europe to date on grass with over 90 teams from all over the world.