An agreement known as the amended EC Treaty established certain minimal rights for European Union citizens.

In 2001 the Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System recommended to the European Parliament that citizens of member states routinely use cryptography in their communications to protect their privacy, because economic espionage with ECHELON has been conducted by the US intelligence agences.

A survey in conducted by the European Commission showed that within the European Union overall, the majority of EU citizens support their country's membership: over 50 % think their country's membership is " a good thing ", and only 15 % think it is " a bad thing ".

About 48 % of EU citizens tend to trust the European Parliament, and about 36 percent do not tend to trust it.

Unlike most European countries the Czech gun law allow its citizens to carry a concealed weapon without having any specific reason.

As a result of very stringent controls, gun ownership in Poland is the lowest in the European Union, at one firearm per 100 citizens.

Despite these problems, the growing inflow of American silver from mid-16th century, the justified military reputation of the Spanish infantry and even the navy quickly recovering from its Armada disaster, made Spain the leading European power, a novel situation of which its citizens were only just becoming aware.

The European Union Data Protection Directive ( EUDPD ) requires that all EU member must adopt national regulations to standardize the protection of data privacy for citizens throughout the EU.

Many European Soviet citizens and much of Russia's industry were relocated to Kazakhstan during World War II, when Nazi armies threatened to capture all the European industrial centers of the Soviet Union.

Unlike Switzerland however ( where citizens rejected membership in a referendum ), Liechtenstein is part of the European Economic Area.

According to the official Bulgarian sources, in the period between 2000 to 2006 some 30 000 Macedonian citizens applied for Bulgarian citizenship, attracted by the Bulgaria's recent positive development and the opportunity to get European Union passports after Bulgaria joined EU on the beginning of 2007.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

East German citizens became part of the European Community, which later became the European Union.

Poland is one of the most linguistically homogeneous European countries ; nearly 97 % of Poland's citizens declare Polish as their mother tongue.

During World War I, European governments introduced border passport requirements for security reasons ( to keep out spies ) and to control the emigration of citizens with useful skills, retaining potential manpower.

* Passport-free travel to begin for citizens of nine more European countries, Seattle Times, November 8, 2007

The European Union requires all member states to legislate to ensure that citizens have a right to privacy, through directives such as the 1995 Directive 95 / 46 / EC on the protection of personal data.

Some people who are not British or European Union citizens are restricted as to what work they may do while in the UK, which may exclude them from being a director.

* June 20 – Boxer Rebellion: Boxers gather about 20, 000 people near Peking and kill hundreds of European citizens, including the German ambassador.

* June 7 – The first direct elections to the European Parliament begin, allowing citizens from across all then-9 European Community member states to elect 410 MEPs.

Lincoln learned from his chief of staff General Henry Halleck, a student of the European strategist Jomini, of the critical need to control strategic points, such as the Mississippi River ; he also knew well the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory.

Holders of a Russian passport need a visa authorized by Costa Rica, or alternatively Costa Rican authorities will accept Russian nationals with a visa stamp for the European Union, Canada, USA, South Korea, or Japan valid for 90 days after arrival ; with a tourist visa, Russians can stay in Costa Rica for a maximum of 90 days.

People from the " contact cultures ", such as the Mediterranean or Latin America, may feel comfortable with closer distances whereas a British or Northern European person will need more space.

It was organized by Michael H. Hart for the stated purpose of " addressing the need " to defend " America ’ s Judeo-Christian heritage and European identity " from immigrants, Muslims, and African Americans.

On 19 May 1940 Ribbentrop met the new Italian Ambassador Dino Alfieri, who described the meeting as follows :" He commented at length on the " dazzling " successes of the German armies, extolling the military genius of the Führer ... who had " revealed himself as the greatest military genius since Napoleon "... He spoke of the inevitable clash between the young nations and the old ; of the necessity of breaking the ring with which the Judaeo-democratic-plutocratic powers were trying to encircle Germany and Italy ; and of the need to create a new European civilization.

Cornwall 2000 need to show that they have exhausted all domestic legal avenues by having the case summarily dismissed by the High Court, the Appeal Court and the House of Lords, before the case can be put to the European Court of Human Rights.

Marshall spoke of urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947.

Roderigo calls Othello ' the thicklips ', which seems to refer to European conceptions of Sub-Saharan African physiognomy, but Honigmann counters that, as these comments are all intended as insults by the characters, they need not be taken literally.

The prescription must not be confused with the need to prosecute within " a reasonable delay ", an obligation imposed by the European Court of Human Rights.

In early June 2012, Spain requested European funding of 100 billion euros " to recapitalize Spanish banks that need it ", is not a " rescue " because a real rescue, would reach ten or twelve times that amount.

There was no need to look for European inspiration hundreds of miles away.

Murrow was glad to " leave the hothouse atmosphere of the New York office behind " when he was dispatched to London as CBS's European Director in 1937, a time when the growing Hitler menace underscored the need for a robust European Bureau.

European bison need to drink every day and in winter can be seen breaking ice with their heavy hooves.

Progressives in the American sense or social democrats in the European sense generally share the communitarian position on issues relating to the economy, such as the need for environmental protection and public education, but not on cultural issues.

One important reason was the need to overcome the expensive eastern trade routes, dominated first by the republics of Venice and Genoa in the Mediterranean, and then controlled by the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, barring European access, and going through North Africa and the historically important combined-land-sea routes via the Red Sea.

For example, aeroplanes made by Airbus need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States and vice versa, airplanes made by Boeing need to be approved by the JAA to be flown in the European Union.

The ecological collapse which followed has been variously attributed to overpopulation, slave traders, European diseases ( including a smallpox epidemic which killed so many so quickly, the dead were left unburied and a tuberculosis epidemic wiped out a quarter of the population ), social upheaval ), understand that food supply can vary and also that other factors in the environment can alter humans ' need for food.

The basic reason for the constant shortage of labor was that, with large amounts of cheap land available and lots of landowners searching for workers, free European immigrants were able to become landowners themselves after a relatively short time, thus increasing the need for workers.

The Australia Group is an informal group of countries ( now joined by the European Commission ) established in 1985 ( after the use of chemical weapons by Iraq in 1984 ) to help member countries to identify those of their exports which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the spread of chemical and biological weapons.

Franz Joseph, sensing a need to secure his right to rule sought help from Russia, requesting the intervention of Tsar Nicholas I, in order " to prevent the Hungarian insurrection developing into a European calamity.

Fears of land-hungry settlers and need for European manufactured goods led the Muscogee to side with the British, but like many tribes, they were divided by factionalism, and, in general, avoided sustained fighting, preferring to protect their sovereignty through cautious participation.

In some European countries leaded fuel is no longer generally available, with LRP ( lead replacement petrol ) being the only fuel available for engines which need it.