Many scholars consider modern anthropology as an outgrowth of the Age of Enlightenment, a period when Europeans attempted to study human behavior systematically, the known varieties of which had been increasing since the fifteenth century as a result of the first European colonization wave.

Institutionally, anthropology emerged from the development of natural history ( expounded by authors such as Buffon ) that occurred during the European colonization of the seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

According to a research report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oran was decimated by the plague in 1556 and 1678, but outbreaks after European colonization, in 1921 ( 185 cases ), 1931 ( 76 cases ), and 1944 ( 95 cases ), were very far from the scale of the epidemic described in the novel.

European colonization of the Americas yielded the introduction of a number of ingredients and cooking styles to the latter.

Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th century.

The greatest resistance to Spanish rule came from the Mapuche culture, who opposed European conquest and colonization until the 1880s ; this resistance is known as the Arauco War.

Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of what became known as the " New World ".

Though Columbus was not the first European explorer to reach the Americas ( having been preceded by the Norse expedition led by Leif Ericson in the 11th century ), Columbus's voyages led to the first lasting European contact with America, inaugurating a period of European exploration and colonization of foreign lands that lasted for several centuries.

It was also common during the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Amerindian cities.

In the expansive " age of imperialism " of the nineteenth century, scholars have argued that European colonization in Africa has led to the elimination of many various cultures, worldviews, and epistemologies.

In 1492, a Spanish expedition headed by Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, after which European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded.

Chief Gadao is featured in many legends about Guam before European colonization.

Captain Vancouver played an undeniable role in the subsequent series of upheavals and losses in the lives and homelands of the Indians on the North American Pacific Coast, since his explorations opened up the region to European colonization of the New World.

It was probably wiped out along with much of the native fauna of these islands in the late 19th century, when new invasive species such as rats and stoats were introduced to the country during European colonization.

The Berlin Conference ( 1884 ) headed by Otto von Bismarck that regulated European colonization in Africa during the New Imperialism period

The Kaiser promoted active colonization of Africa and Asia for those areas that were not already colonies of other European powers ; his record was notoriously brutal and set the stage for genocide.

The tale Marlow shares exposes the dark side of European colonization and the brutally cruel treatment of the native Africans when at the hands of the company men who partake in such European imperialistic endeavours.

European colonization of Africa developed rapidly in the Scramble for Africa of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

A general map of the cultures in European Russia at the arrival of the Varangians and before the beginning of the Slavic colonization

In the history of the European colonization of North America, the term " Indian massacre " was often used to describe either mass killings of Europeans by indigenous people of the North American continent ( Indians ) or mass killings of indigenous people by the Europeans and by Americans of European origin.

It is also the first known European record ( in chapter 38 ) that mentions Vinland ( Winland ) island ( insula ), a land centuries later possibly identified as Newfoundland, Canada, North America, as well as dog-headed people in Scandinavia.

Early European settlers, unfamiliar with the sights and sounds of the island continent's peculiar fauna, regarded the bunyip as one more strange Australian animal and sometimes attributed unfamiliar animal calls or cries to it.

The privateer-turned-pirate Henry Jennings and his followers decided, early in the 18th century, to use the then uninhabited island of New Providence as a base for their operations ; it was within easy reach of the Florida Strait and its busy shipping lanes, which were filled with European vessels crossing the Atlantic.

European control of the Bandas was contested up until 1667 when, under the Treaty of Breda ( 1667 ), the British traded the small island of Run for Manhattan, giving the Dutch full control of the Banda archipelago.

" That rich island ," he wrote on 1 December 1881, " the key to the Gulf of Mexico, is, though in the hands of Spain, a part of the American commercial system … If ever ceasing to be Spanish, Cuba must necessarily become American and not fall under any other European domination.

Cape Breton Island's first residents were likely Maritime Archaic natives, ancestors of the Mi ' kmaq, the latter of whom inhabited the island at the time of European discovery.

Giovanni Caboto ( John Cabot ) reportedly visited the island in 1497 to become the first Renaissance European explorer to visit present-day Canada.

Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent ( particularly by the British, Icelanders and other European island nations ), is the continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European islands.

Between 1642 and 1650 a French missionary Raymond Breton became the first regular European visitor to the island.

* 1492 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola, now Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Several Spanish and Portuguese expeditions occurred in about 1340 around the island and the island were inhabited by Maurs and were afflicted with European slave holders.

Since the island is close to Africa, many illegal immigrants try to enter the European Union through it, by a dangerous boat trip from Morocco.

The Republic of Cyprus is a constitutional democracy which has reached great levels of prosperity, with a booming economy and good infrastructures, part of the United Nations, European Union and several others organizations by whom it is recognized as the sole legitimate government of the whole island.

The recorded history of Haiti began on 5 December 1492 when the European navigator Christopher Columbus happened upon a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean.

First was the foundation of Edo ( in 1603 ) to whole inland economical developments, second was the Meiji Restoration ( in 1868 ) to be the first non European power, third was after the defeat of World War II ( in 1945 ) when the island nation rose to become the world's second largest economy.

* 1767 – Samuel Wallis, an English sea captain, sights Tahiti and is considered the first European to reach the island.

European contact began in 1500, when the Portuguese sea captain Diogo Dias sighted the island.

Many European sailors were shipwrecked on the coasts of the island, among them Robert Drury, whose journal is one of the few written depictions of life in southern Madagascar during the 18th century.

The five or six European supervisors on the island were given " a row of little tin-roofed, one-storeyed houses above the beach ", while the native laborers from Niue Island and Aitutaki were housed in " big, barn-like shelters ".

The first European to encounter the island was Christopher Columbus in 1493.

Though the Franco-Mauritian group is small, it is the largest of the European ancestries on the island.