The movement toward European unity has been expressed in two currents: federalism and functionalism, one looking to the constitution of a United States of Europe, the other building on wartime precedents of practical cooperation for the solution of specific problems.

While enthusiasm for multinational federalism in Europe incrementally led, over the following decades, to the formation of the European Union, the onset of the Cold War ( 1946 – 1991 ) eliminated the prospects of any progress towards federation with a more global scope.

After 1988 it was to be the Conservatives who were divided, with Thatcher and her supporters opposed to further European federalism.

On 1 November 1990, shortly before Thatcher was ousted as Prime Minister, Delors bore the brunt of British Euroscepticism ; tabloid newspaper The Sun's headline declaimed " Up Yours Delors " in response to his supposed attempts to force European federalism upon the UK.

UDF's most marked political trait was that it was in favor of European federalism, up to the point of turning the European Union into the United States of Europe.

In 1979, he took a major part in the Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) campaign against the European federalism and was elected member of the European Parliament in order to defend the principle of Europe of nations.

* The word " federalism ", in the context of European Union politics

The European Economic Community was described by its founder Robert Schuman as midway between confederalism which recognizes the complete independence of States in an association and federalism which seeks to fuse them in a super-state.

To exercise pressure on the like-minded politicians by lobbying actions, establishing Platforms ( aiming to spread the understanding of federalism ) and initiating debates in the European and national parliaments.

The RPF aims to fight against globalisation and European federalism.

* The role of Count Coudenhove-Kalergi in east central European federalism is reexamined in The Intermarium: Wilson, Madison, & East Central European Federalism by Dr. Jonathan Levy

* Altiero Spinelli ( 1907 – 1986 ), Italian advocate for European federalism and founding father of the European Union

Vayssière notes that the manifesto is widely seen as the birth of European federalism.

He invites his readers to reject Canadian federalism entirely and proposes a sovereign Quebec (" complete liberty in Quebec ") that would be associated to the rest of Canada as part of a new Canadian Union modelled on the precedents of the European Economic Community, Scandinavia or Benelux.

The Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing ( q. v.

The term " folk dance " is sometimes applied to dances of historical importance in European culture and history ; typically originated before 20th century.

Berendt defines jazz as a " form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of blacks with European music "; he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a " special relationship to time, defined as ' swing '", " a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role "; and " sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician ".

It originated in a time of persecution of the Jewish people, when European Jews had turned inward to Talmud study ; many felt that most expressions of Jewish life had become too " academic ", and that they no longer had any emphasis on spirituality or joy.

She claims jumping over the broom was definitely a feature in both European and African wedding ceremonies, but believes that the slave practice likely originated in Africa and not Europe.

International co-operation to promote collective security originated in the Concert of Europe that developed after the Napoleonic Wars in the 19th century in an attempt to maintain the status quo between European states and so avoid war.

The Missouria or Missouri ( in their own language, Niúachi, also spelled Niutachi ) are a Native American tribe that originated in the Great Lakes region of United States before European contact.

The game is said to have originated in China ( it closely resembles the Chinese game of " Jianshizi ", or " picking stones "), but the origin is uncertain ; the earliest European references to Nim are from the beginning of the 16th century.

Founded by Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov ( 1698 – 1760 ), it originated in an age of persecution of the Jewish people, when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews.

While popular in cinema and art for depictions of medieval European characters ( such as Robin Hood ), this style of quiver originated with Native American tribes of North America, and was never used in medieval Europe or Asia.

" Jazz, which developed from the blues and other African-American and European musical traditions and originated around the beginning of the 20th century, has also influenced hip hop and has been cited as a precursor of hip hop.

It originated in the European Alps, and is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skier's boot.

Other English legal institutions such as " the scholastic method, the license to teach ", the " law schools known as Inns of Court in England and Madrasas in Islam ” and the " European commenda " ( Islamic Qirad ) may have also originated from Islamic law.

Distillation spread from Ireland to Scotland ( about one hundred years later ) and originated from the European continent in the later medieval centuries.

The original, but now less common use of the word, originated in the application of the Latin word princeps, from Roman, more precisely Byzantine law, and the classical system of government that was the European feudal society.

Ashkenazi Jews share a common ancestry with other Jewish groups and only 5 %- 8 % of the Ashkenazi Jews were found to have genes which possibly originated in non-Jewish European populations.

People often confuse peccaries, which are found in the Americas, with the pig family that originated in Afro-Eurasia, especially since some domestic pigs brought by European settlers have escaped over the years and now run wild as " razorback " hogs in many parts of the United States.

The European honey bee originated from eastern Africa.

This term originated in the early times of European colonisation in New South Wales and is most likely derived from the word tingo, used by the aboriginal people of Port Jackson for their camp dogs.

Dodge ended production of their full-size vans in June 2002 ( as 2003 models ), and replaced it with the German originated Dodge Sprinter, which is based on a narrower, more fuel-efficient European design pattern with a diesel turbo I5.

" Hushatahli " is believed to have originated as a Choctaw term without European influence ; the Choctaw were believed to be sun worshipers.

The activists claim it was not an invention of Monsanto but rather bio-piracy, because the virus-resistant plants originated in India and were registered in international seed banks ; they further claimed that conventional breeding methods were used to transfer the virus resistance genes from an Indian melon to other melons and that European law prohibits patents on conventional breeding.

It was given additional legitimacy ( at least from a European imperialistic perspective ) by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, which granted Portugal exclusive rights to the half of the world where black pepper originated.

The U. S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) and Support for Eastern European Democracies ( SEED ) has played a large role in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina, including programs in economic development and reform, democratic reform ( media, elections ), infrastructure development, and training programs for Bosnian professionals, among others.

The post-war period also witnessed a significant rise in the standard of living of the Western European working class.

The post-war years were a time of hardship, natural disaster and mass emigration, followed by rebuilding, large-scale public works programmes ( especially the Delta Works ), economic recovery, European integration and the gradual introduction of a welfare state.

However, the rapid post-war economic development of the East Asian Tigers, India, the People's Republic of China, along with the collapse of the Soviet Union, have loosened European and North American influence in Asia, generating speculation today about the possible re-emergence of India and China as superpowers.

The result of that conflict and the conclusion of the great European war at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 helped establish post-war Sweden as a force in Europe.

* Alcide De Gasperi, politician in Austria-Hungary, political leader and post-war premier in Italy and one of the founding fathers of the European Union, was born in Pieve Tesino, in Trentino.

Novello had written no role for himself ; the show starred the comedy actress Cicely Courtneidge and was a departure from his established pattern, balancing the contrasting styles of European operetta and post-war American musicals.

* Yves Klein ( 1928 – 1962 ); a native of Nice, considered an important figure in post-war European art.

As a result of the European war catastrophe caused by Hitler's Germany, according to the post-war Potsdam Conference, the town was transferred from Germany to Poland and renamed to the Polish Prabuty.

The post-war period was difficult for all the Italian cities, but Salerno managed to improve little by little and to aim at becoming a modern European city.

Academic reviewers question three major aspects of Bacque's work: his claims that there was no post-war food shortage in other European countries ; Bacque's estimate of the number of German deaths ; and the allegation that Eisenhower was deliberately vindictive.

Many post-war European neighborhoods can in this way be described as pastiches from planners like Le Corbusier or Ebenezer Howard.

The wartime debate about post-war perspectives was accelerated by the resolution of the February 1944 European Conference of the Fourth International.

In the 1950s and 1960s, German immigration continued as part of a large post-war wave of European immigration to Australia.

Serge Poliakoff, Nicolas de Staël, Georges Mathieu, Vieira da Silva, Jean Dubuffet, Yves Klein and Pierre Soulages among others are considered important figures in post-war European painting.

European manufacturers often built two-door station wagons in the post-war period for the compact class, and not four-door models, a practice that continued at Ford ( amongst others ) with its Escort Mark III, for example, well into the 1980s.

His books on planning nevertheless played an important part in the political debates of the immediate post-war years, both in the United States and in several European countries.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ), the post-war independence of European colonies, and much more are derived from the Atlantic Charter.

During the next four years, the conference established the machinery that saved untold numbers of lives, assisted in the post-war reconstruction of European Jewish life and helped spur public opinion to support the 1947 partition decision granting Jews a share of what was then Palestine.

Thus, he was the chief architect of Australia's post-war immigration scheme at a time when many European refugees desired a better life far from their war-torn homelands, and he became famous for his relentless promotion of it.

All post-war honorific European Grands Prix were F1 races.

The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland, on 5 October – 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 3 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, and return normalizing relations with defeated Germany ( which was, by this time, the Weimar Republic ).

Most European and American neo-Fascists and other rightists of the post-war period advocated an alliance with the United States as the best hope for the survival of Western culture under the threat of Communism.

The European post-war economic recovery did not materialise and it became increasingly obvious that the European economy had depended on German industry.