the intellectual thriving period in America in the mid-to-late 18th century ( 1715 – 1789 ), especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other hand.

Humanism was a European intellectual movement which stressed classical studies.

This vigorous and exclusive instinct explains the historical phenomenon of an isolated group, small in numbers yet dominating a country inhabited by a majority of peoples of different races and conflicting aspirations, and playing a role in European affairs out of all proportions to its numerical importance or intellectual culture.

He commanded the largest army, and ruled the largest and most wealthy kingdom of Europe, a kingdom which was the European centre of arts and intellectual thought ( La Sorbonne ) at the time.

Like Susan Sontag, Jameson served to introduce a wide audience of American readers to key figures of the 20th Century Continental European intellectual Left, particularly those associated with the Frankfurt School, Structuralism and Post-Structuralism.

Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, existentialism, such as that propounded by Jean-Paul Sartre, was the dominant European intellectual movement.

Some continuity theorists point to earlier intellectual revolutions occurring in the Middle Ages, usually referring to either a European " Renaissance of the 12th century " or a medieval " Muslim scientific revolution ", as a sign of continuity.

For many critics and theorists, the most engaging aspects of Gombrowicz ’ s work are the connections with European thought in the second half of the 20th century, which links him with the intellectual heritage of Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Jacques Lacan, and Jean-Paul Sartre.

He appointed Ivan Blot, an intellectual who would later join the National Front, as director of his campaigns for the 1979 European election.

" And although he respected the work of Eliot, Williams became openly critical of Eliot's highly intellectual style with its frequent use of foreign languages and allusions to classical and European literature ..

Although the field emerged from European disciplines of Kulturgeschichte and Geistesgeschichte, the historical study of ideas has engaged not only western intellectual traditions, but others as well including, but not limited to, those in the Far East, Near East and Africa.

Formalized in 2010, the History and Culture Ph. D. at Drew University is one of a few graduate programs in the US currently specializing in intellectual history, both in its American and European contexts.

In Eastern European Lithuanian life, Kabbalah was reserved for an intellectual elite, while the mystical revival of Hasidism articulated Kabbalistic theology through Hasidic thought.

The coastal European influenced Peru has passed through various intellectual stages-from colonial Hispanic culture to European Romanticism after independence.

All throughout Siberia, the Decembrists sparked an intellectual awakening: literary writings, propaganda, newspapers, and books from European Russia began to circulate the eastern provinces, the local population developing a capacity for critical political observation.

Myrdal and Ohlin went on to further develop their theories, and in so doing they developed the intellectual underpinnings of the modern north European welfare state.

La Géométrie and two other appendices also by Descartes, the Optics and the Meteorology, were published with the Discourse to give examples of the kinds of successes he had achieved following his method ( as well as, perhaps, considering the contemporary European social climate of intellectual competitiveness, to show off a bit to a wider audience ).

Apart from many fresh intellectual ideas and innovations ( for the Slovenian circumstances and intellectual coordinates, but very likely also in a wider sense ) Taja Kramberger has written many critical articles on various aspects of Slovenian history, cultural life, but also on broader European History and culture, e. g. on Spanish Civil War, different models of Enlightenment in Europe and the recurrent Enlightenment features in the works of Anton Tomaž Linhart, on epistemic divergence between Enlightenment's and Historismus's: de: Historismus ( Geschichtswissenschaft ) paradigms of historiography, on anthropology of translation, history of university and the formation of university habitus: fr: Habitus ( sociologie ), on literary and cultural fields: fr: Pierre Bourdieu # Théorie des champs in the 1930s in Slovenia ( by then partially covered by the administrative unit of Dravska banovina ) and on the role of women in the constitution of these fields etc.

" Spencer was " the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century " but his influence declined sharply after 1900 ; " Who now reads Spencer?

In secular use, the concept refers mainly to the European intellectual movement known as the Age of Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason referring to philosophical developments related to scientific rationality in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Evola's writings have continued to have an influence both within occult intellectual circles and in European far-right politics.

Earlier, she had written the article “ The Thought of Mao Tse-Tung ” and the book Dawn Out of China, reporting that his intellectual accomplishment was “ to change Marxism from a European to an Asiatic form ... in ways of which neither Marx nor Lenin could dream ”, which the Soviet government banned in the USSR.

The following year, The Guardian challenged the succession law in court, claiming that it violated the European Convention on Human Rights, which provides " The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.

European men took enslaved or free women of color as mistresses after making arrangements to give them a dowry, house or other transfer of property, and sometimes, if they were enslaved, offering freedom and education for their children.

Now, however, the Jewish conspiracy is intended to " shake down " ( his favorite phrase ) such innocent entities as Swiss banks, German corporations and East European owners of looted Jewish property, all in order to consolidate Jewish power and influence without giving the real survivors of the genocide anything but empty rhetoric.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

In 2001, the European Union explicitly banned racism, along with many other forms of social discrimination, in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the legal effect of which, if any, would necessarily be limited to Institutions of the European Union: " Article 21 of the charter prohibits discrimination on any ground such as race, color, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, disability, age or sexual orientation and also discrimination on the grounds of nationality.

In Poland, European bison in the Białowieża Forest were legally the property of the Polish kings until the Third partition of Poland.

The executive ( zarząd województwa ), headed by the marszałek, drafts the budget and development strategies, implements the resolutions of the sejmik, manages the voivodeship's property, and deals with many aspects of regional policy, including management of European Union funding.

In contrast, the English colonies generally pursued a more systematic policy of widespread settlement of the New World, for cultivation and exploitation of the land, which required the extension of European property rights to the new continent.

European craftsmen were imported to lay parquet floors, fashion archways and carve interior wood work from black walnut trees grown on the property.

The property was soon purchased by Thomas Revell, one of the original European settlers.

Sitges has been referred to as the Saint-Tropez of Spain, with property prices approaching those of the most expensive European cities, the main reason for this being the setting by the sea and the surrounding Parc Natural del Garraf.

Constantine sued Greece at the European Court of Human Rights for € 500 million in compensation for the seized property.

There is considerable European investment ( as of 2007 ) in beach property north of Maceió with walled compounds of beach homes.

The Schengen Information System ( SIS ), is a governmental database used by European countries to maintain and distribute information on individuals and pieces of property of interest.

So too, many of the spirits especially concerned with the operations of nature are conceived as neutral or even benevolent ; the European peasant fears the corn-spirit only when he irritates him by trenching on his domain and taking his property by cutting the corn ; similarly, there is no reason why the more insignificant personages of the pantheon should be conceived as malevolent, and we find that the Petara of the Dyaks are far from indiscriminating and malignant, being viewed as invisible guardians of mankind.

The museum was funded by local, national and European development agencies, by private donations and by Peel Holdings, a local transport and property company which contributed £ 12. 5 million.

European investors in the Oregon and San Francisco Steamship Line, after building new vessels, became discouraged, and in 1879 Villard formed an American syndicate and purchased the property.

The daughters of wealthy 19th century industrialists, who were able to inherit large amounts of money and property, were given " dowries " by their fathers to marry European aristocrats who held a title but had little wealth.

Straw argued that the controversy arose out of ignorance and stereotyping about women's role in Islam, pointing out that Muslim women acquired property rights centuries before European women.

Two females and one male from this stock were later released about Te Waimate, the property of Waimate's first European settler.

By early April 1911 the Sultan was besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepared to send troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property.

* The Congo Free State was confirmed as private property of the Congo Society thereby ensuring that Leopold's promises to keep the country open to all European investment was retained.