Evola called Italy's fascist movement a " laughable revolution ," based on empty sentiment and materialistic concerns.

To Evola the Grail was based on the Ghibelline tradition, being the apex of Western Civilisation.

In this work Evola argues for a radical restructuring of society based on his view of Tradition.

Continuing to present a policy platform based on the ideas of Evola, Rauti also demonstrated elements of Nouvelle Droite thinking, having been converted to ethnopluralism and support for nationalism in the developing world.

The most notable member of this group was Julius Evola, who went on to become a preeminent occult scholar of the 20th century, as well as a right-wing philosopher and aide to Mussolini.

Members of the band Der Stürmer ( named after the anti-Semitic newspaper edited by Julius Streicher ) subscribe to esoteric Hitlerism, leaning on the works of Savitri Devi and Julius Evola.

In his youth, alongside his study on Julius Evola, he published essays which introduced the Romanian public to representatives of modern Spanish literature and philosophy, among them Adolfo Bonilla San Martín, Miguel de Unamuno, José Ortega y Gasset, Eugeni d ' Ors, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez and Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo.

After the war, attracted to the avant-garde, Evola briefly associated with Filippo Marinetti's Futurist movement, but became a prominent representative of Dadaism in Italy through his painting, poetry, and collaboration on the shortly published journal, Revue Bleu.

Evola was one of a number of right-wing ideologues who opposed Benito Mussolini's Lateran Accords with the Roman Catholic Church and rejected the Fascist party's nationalism and its focus on mass movement mob politics ; he hoped to influence the regime toward his own variation on fascist racial theories and his " Tradionalist " philosophy.

While not always in agreement with German racial theorists, Evola traveled to Germany in February 1942 and obtained support for German collaboration on Sangue e Spirito from leading Nazi race theorists.

After the Italian surrender to the Allied forces on September 8, 1943, Evola moved to Germany, where he spent the remainder of World War II, also working as a researcher on Freemasonry for the SS Ahnenerbe in Vienna.

The castles of the SS Order, with their ' initiations ,' the emphasis on transcending the purely human element, the prerequisite of physical valor, as well as the ethical requirements ( loyalty, discipline, defiance of death, willingness to sacrifice, unselfishness ), strengthened Evola in his conviction.

Evola died unmarried, without children, on June 11, 1974 in Rome.

In reference to Christianity, Evola distinguished between 1 ) the mystical character of primitive Christianity and its later social history on the one hand, and 2 ) the primordial-Hyperborean elements and the decadent Judaic elements on the other.

" Evola emphasizes how the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund ( 1368 – 1437 ), founder of the militant-Catholic chivalric Order of the Dragon, continuing a long tradition of Christian-Roman and Byzantine imperial dominance in religious matters, summoned the Council of Constance ( A. D. 1413 ) on the eve of the Reformation in order to purify the clergy from schisms and anarchy.

Even in his book Meditations on the Peaks: Mountain Climbing as Metaphor for the Spiritual Quest Evola discussed mountaineering as a possible approach or support on the way of initiatic ascesis in which heroic action is combined with specialized knowledge and training culminating in an initiation — the climbing of the mountain.

Evola accused Jews, as well as what he termed the " semitic spirit ," of having a corrosive effect on the " Nordic " race ( a race that was, in Evola's mythology, analogous to the Nazi's " Aryans ").

9-10 ), Evola discoursed on his philosophy of de-evolutionary spiritual racism: " Our starting point will be not the modern theory of evolution but the traditional doctrine of involution.

On the " demonic " nature of the lower negroid races and their degenerating remnants, Evola relies on an old Aryo-Zoroastrian tradition that teaches negroids belonged to the dark side owing to their alleged origin in the union between a demon and a wicked witch: " Zohak, during his reign, let loose a dev ( demon ) on a young woman, and let loose a young man on a parik ( witch ).

In ' Myth and Violence: The Fascism of Julius Evola and Alain de Benoist ,' Thomas Sheehan points out that " Evola prided himself on developing a theory of races that went beyond the merely biological to the spiritual.

The critic pointed out that the addition of " a magical solution " to the options taken into consideration seemed to be Eliade's own original contributions to his mentor's philosophy, and proposed that it may have owed inspiration to Julius Evola and his disciples.

To explain the metaphysics of sex, Evola cites the original meaning of the word " orgy " as " the state of inspired exaltation that began the initiatory process in the ancient Greek mysteries.

In this occult belief, Evola was additionally influenced by Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, which posited the polar North as the original home of the white Ur-Aryan tribes before their later separation into Western ( Hellenic, Roman, Celtic, Germanic ) and Eastern ( Iranian, Indo-Aryan ) divisions.

While Evola was clear about the relative insignificance of the physical attributes of race, he did acknowledge that the ' original Hyperboreans ,' which he was critically concerned, were probably ' dolichocephalic, tall and slender, blond and blue-eyed ' ( Sintesi di Dottrina della Razza, p. 67 ).

Though never a member of the National Fascist Party ( and rejected for not being a member ), or the Italian Social Republic, and constantly criticizing fascism and declaring he was an anti-fascist Evola regarded his position as that of a sympathetic right-wing intellectual, saw potential in the movement and wished to reform its errors, to a position in line with his own views.

Evola rejected pacifism as it, according to him, was materialistic and made people comfortable and weak in their existence, while war breaks the routine of " comfortable life " and offers a transfiguring knowledge of life: " life according to death ".

Basing their ideas on those of Julius Evola, an Italian philosopher who sought the creation of a new elite to combat the decadence of modern bourgeois society, Political Soldiers rejected the traditional British nationalism in favour of a European outlook and a racialist equality of separate races.

The TP rejected both capitalism and socialism, looking instead to found a political and economic Third Position, with its main influence being Julius Evola.

In his introduction to the 1938 Italian edition of the Protocols, Evola wrote that the tract had " the value of a spiritual tonic ," that Jews " destroy every surviving trace of true order and superior civilization ," and that, " above all, in these decisive hours of western history, Protocols tract cannot be ignored or dismissed without seriously undermining the front of those fighting in the name of the spirit, of tradition, of true civilization.

* Daniel " Gravedigger " Evola ( 1984 ): A member of the US Chamber of Archaeology ( USCA and member of the 1992 French archaeological expedition that first discovered the Hutaat tribe in the western forests of Mozambique.

Evola often notes the role of the " regal religion according to Melchizedek " in the Ghibelline ideology.

As has been noted by Joseph Campbell in Mythology and others, Bachofen's theories stand in radical opposition to the Aryan origin theories of religion, culture and society, and both Campbell and writers such as Evola have suggested that Bachofen's theories only adequately explain the development of religion among the pre-Aryan cultures of the Mediterranean and the Levant, and possibly Southern Asia, but that a separate, patriarchal development existed among the Aryan tribes which conquered Europe and Asia.

Early in 1930, Evola launched Torre, a bi-weekly review, to voice his conservative-revolutionary ideas and denounce the demagogic tendencies of official fascism ; government censors suppressed the journal and engaged in character assassination against its staff ( for a time, Evola retained a bodyguard of like-minded radical fascists ) until it died out in June of that year.

Evola supported Fascism for his own ends, but was rebuked by the regime because his ends were not always theirs.

The process that Evola described involved potentially making use of everything from modern music, hallucinogenic drugs, relationships with the opposite sex and even substituting the atmosphere of an urban existence for the Theophany that Traditionalists had identified in virgin nature.

However, Evola criticized Nietzsche for lacking the " transcendent element " in his philosophy, thus ultimately leading to the latter's mental collapse.

Other prominent, philosophically foundational influences for Evola include the ancient Aryo-Hindu scripture that teaches the concept of " detached violence ", the Bhagavad Gita, and the Aryan kshatriya sage Siddartha Gotama, the historical Buddha ( Evola, " Il Cammino del Cinabro " 1963 ).

Evola argued that both Italian fascism and National Socialism held hope for a reconstitution of the primordial " celestial race.

Evola states " the Christian legend of the three magi is an attempt to claim for Christianity a traditional character in the superior sense I give to the term " ( The Mystery of the Grail, p. 45 ).

In his works Evola calls for the " reawakening of heroic ideals " and spiritualism through war.

With equal vehemence, Evola scorned modern pornography for being a " scanty source " of erotic experience, denouncing it as " dreadfully squalid not only in the facts and scenes described, but in its essence " ( The Metaphysics of Sex, p. 4 ).

In the decade immediately following the war, Evola wrote two books which fall loosely into the categories " asceticism of action " and " asceticism of contemplation " in their prescriptions for political action.

Evola cites Plato's description of the fall of Atlantis by Atlantean miscegenation with humankind ( Critias, 110c ; 120d-e ; 121a-b ) and the biblical myth of the benei elohim, the Sons of God catastrophically mixing with the " daughters of men " ( Genesis 6: 4-13 ) as support for his esoteric, Aryanist anthropogenesis.

What constitutes a superior race for Evola is the spiritual orientation of a given stock, the subsumption of the requisite biological material ( and that did mean the Aryan races ) under a qualitatively elevating form, namely reference to the realm of the spirit.

What seemed eminently clear, for all the qualifiers, was that all the material races Evola identified as capable of serving as hosts for the extrabiological and supernatural spiritual elements were purportedly biological descendents of the ' Aryan-Nordics ' of Hyperborea.

For Evola, given the fateful path traversed by history, there remained only one course for contemporary humanity: an attempt at reconstitution of the primordial celestial race, amid the debris of previous race cycles, employing the racial remnants of the Hyperboreans.

For Evola, spiritual forces shaped races for their own inscrutable purposes.

The eminent scholar of Fascism, Renzo De Felice, maintained that while Evola's spiritual, neo-idealist racial theories were wrong, they had a notable intellectual ancestry, and Evola defended them in an honorable way: " Evola for his part completely refused any racial theorizing of a purely biological kind, which went so far as to draw to himself the attacks and sarcasms of a Landra, for example.