Italian Fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile in The Origins and Doctrine of Fascism promoted the concept of conflict as an act of progress, stating that " mankind only progresses through division, and progress is achieved through the clash and victory of one side over another ".

Fascism promoted principles of masculine heroism, militarism and discipline, and rejected cultural pluralism and multiculturalism.

Instead of the Fascism that characterized his first premiership, Phibunsongkhram and his regime promoted a façade of Democracy.

According to the Institute for the Study of Academic Racism, scholars have drawn on a 1979 work by social psychologist Michael Billig-" Psychology, Racism, and Fascism "-that identified links between the Institute of Psychiatry and racist / eugenic theories, notably in regard to race and intelligence, as for example promoted by IOP psychologist Hans Eysenck and in a highly publicised talk in August 1970 at the IOP by American psychologist Arthur Jensen.

Pavolini was integrated to the Republic's administration under Mussolini, and was immediately promoted head of the successor of the PNF, the Republican Fascist Party ( PFR ) ( the only person to occupy that post ); he took part in the drafting of major documents, including the Verona manifesto that called for the execution of former Grand Council of Fascism members who had voted against Mussolini in April, and was behind the creation of the Black Brigades.

Jung promoted a fascist version of Conservative Revolution from the 1920s to the 1930s, which like fascism: spoke of nations as being singular organic entities ; attacked individualism while promoting militarism and war ; promoted " total mobilization " of human and industrial resources ; and promoting the productive power of modernity, similar to the futurism espoused by Italian Fascism.

There were also smaller factions within the Italian Fascist movement, such as the clerical Fascists, who sought to shift Italian Fascism from its anti-Catholic roots to accepting Catholicism.

To appeal to Italian conservatives, Fascism adopted policies such as promoting family values, including promotion policies designed to reduce the number of women in the workforce limiting the woman's role to that of a mother.

21 Issue 3, pp 282-297 ; discusses political historians such as Silvio Lanaro, Aurelio Lepre, and Nicola Tranfaglia, and studies of Fascism, the Italian Communist party, the role of the Christian Democrats in Italian society, and the development of the Italian parliamentary Republic.

In 2004 the ANL affiliated with the Unite Against Fascism group alongside other groups such as the National Assembly Against Racism.

" Meanwhile, self-declared socialist movements had their own versions of " lesser of two evils " policies such as justifying their Popular Front Against Fascism by arguing that allying with capitalist powers to overthrow fascism would be better than having the latter successfully occupy the world and permanently consolidate power.

In actual political usage, it refers mainly to the practice of dictatorship within the ranks of a political party itself, and as such, it has become an earmark of political Fascism.

Human beings can be considered subject to commodification in contexts such as genetic engineering, social engineering, cloning, eugenics, social Darwinism, Fascism, mass marketing and employment.

Unlike a great many leading figures of the government ( such as Galeazzo Ciano and Dino Grandi ), he stayed loyal to Mussolini long after the July 1943 Grand Council of Fascism crisis which ended the latter's rule in Rome.

Beside the three main left-wing parties, Radical-Socialists, SFIO and PCF, the Popular Front was supported by the Ligue des droits de l ' homme ( LDH, Human Rights League, formed during the Dreyfus Affair ), the Movement Against War and Fascism, the Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes ( Committee of Antifascist Intellectuals Watchdogs, created in 1934 ), and small parties such as Paul Ramadier's Union socialiste républicaine ( USR, right-wing of the SFIO ), the Party of Proletarian Unity ( PUP, created in 1930 and opposed both to social democracy and to the Third International ), the Parti radical-socialiste Camille Pelletan ( created in May 1934 by members of the left-wing of the Radical Party ), etc.

</ li >< li > His role as education minister ( 1923 ) </ li >< li > His belief that Fascism could be made to be subservient to his thought and the gathering of influence through the work of such students as Ugo Spirito .</ ul >

Fascism denies that the majority, through the mere fact of being a majority, can rule human societies ; it denies that this majority can govern by means of a periodical consultation ; it affirms the irremediable, fruitful and beneficent inequality of men, who cannot be levelled by such a mechanical and extrinsic fact as universal suffrage.

New governments have also been added to the game, Feudalism and Fascism, and new Wonders of the World such as the Statue of Zeus and the Mausoleum of Mausollos.

* Giuseppe Tucci: Life, Travels and Adventures of the Explorer of Fascism: Blog including unedited documents such as his letters to Mussolini, to the Royal Preceptor of Nepal and to Giulio Andreotti, and documents on his relationship with Gandhi, Tagore, Giovanni Gentile, Karl Houshofer, Mircea Eliade, and so on.

Valois considered Fascism to be a revolt against " bourgeois rule ", and as such it had much in common with Marxism-he described them as " brother enemies ".

Socialist realism is an example of a form of expression that would be likely to be accused of workerism in this sense, but this also applies to Liberalism and Fascism, such as Franco's Falangist movement, which often used propaganda showing workers living and working in equitable conditions.

The nature of German fascism, as encapsulated in Nazism was similar to Italian Fascism ideologically and borrowed symbolism from the Italian Fascists such as the use of mass rallies, the straight-armed Roman salute, and the use of pageantry.

Sturzo was a committed anti-fascist who pontificated on the incompatibility of Catholicism and Fascism in such works as Coscienza cristiana, and criticized what he perceived to be " filo-fascist " elements within the Vatican.

As such the character struggles with the modern phoniness, hypocrisy and intellectual vacancy of the Christian church, Communism, Fascism, and various philosophical and artistic movements.

In the latter part of the 1980s, Yoshimoto criticized the anti-nuclear power and anti-nuclear weapons movements started by intellectual advocates of postwar democracy such as Kenzaburo Oe as ' Anti-Nuclear Fascism ".

Upon Philby's graduation, Maurice Dobb – a fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and tutor in economics – introduced him to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism in Paris.

Under Fascism with the Podestà Genoese-Zerbi, in 1927 the city became an administrative centre for the surrounding municipalities and was called Grande Reggio (‘ Greater Reggio ’), but because of its strategic military position, it suffered a devastating air raid by the British 8th Army in 1943.

Fascism and some forms of corporatism extol the moral position that the corporate group, usually the state, is greater than the sum of its parts and that individuals have a moral obligation to serve the state.

The magazine group was original part of the steering committee of Unite Against Fascism, but resigned their position after differences over tactics.

National Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini was identified by Fascists as Il Duce (" The Leader ") of the movement and became a reference to the dictator position of Head of Government and Duce of Fascism ( Capo del Governo e Duce del Fascismo ) of Italy was established in 1925 by Mussolini which he personally held until 1943.

In short time, Bianchi was dismissed as PNF leader in 1923, while joining the Grand Council of Fascism ; in 1924, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, but resigned from his government position on 14 March.

In 1926, by a decree of Mussolini's Senate, Fascism tried to revive the term by calling the mayors of Italian cities podestà — a senate-elected position.

Other contributions included two essays by George Orwell, " Fascism and Democracy " and " Patriots and Revolutionaries " that condemned the Communist Party of Great Britain for backing the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 and for taking a revolutionary defeatist position in the war against Nazi Germany.

His latest book, Modernism and Fascism, locates the mainspring of the fascist drive for national rebirth in the modernist bid to achieve an alternative modernity, which is driven by a rejection of the decadence of ' actually existing modernity ' under liberal democracy or tradition.

Fascism wasn't Merezhkovsky's idea of the best alternative to Communism.

Fascism denounces capitalism not because of its competitive nature nor its support of private property that fascism supports ; but due to its materialism, individualism, alleged bourgeois decadence, and alleged indifference to the nation.

Mussolini argued that Italian Fascism acknowledged the positive achievements of dynamic and heroic capitalism for its contribution to industrialism and its technical developments, but that it did not favour supercapitalism, which he claimed was incompatible with Italy's agricultural sector.

" He saw Fascism as the next logical step to solve the problems of supercapitalism and claimed that " our path would lead inexorably into state capitalism, which is nothing more nor less than state socialism turned on its head.

By the late 1930s and the 1940s, Italian Fascism completely denounced capitalism as an obsolete and oppressive system, Mussolini in 1940 at the entry of Italy into World War II, said:

Fascism has mixed stances on capitalism ; while supportive of private property rights, fascism upholds statism and corporatism and is hostile to the concepts of laissez-faire capitalism, free market systems, free trade, economic individualism, consumerism, and bourgeois culture.

In 2004, Samantha Power ( lecturer at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University ) reflected Orwell's words from 60 years prior when she stated, " Fascism – unlike communism, socialism, capitalism, or conservatism – is a smear word more often used to brand one's foes than it is a descriptor used to shed light on them.