Some jurisdictions have specialized appellate courts, such as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which only hears appeals raised in criminal cases, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has general jurisdiction but derives most of its caseload from patent cases, on the other hand, and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims on the other.

This difference reflects the relative readiness of State courts, compared to Federal courts, to accept an alternative plea.

Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court, the Superior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts, the National Justice Council and the regional federal courts.

The United States federal courts are divided into twelve regional circuits, each with a circuit court of appeals ( plus a thirteenth, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which hears appeals in patent cases and cases against the federal government, without geographic limitation ).

Examples of common law being replaced by statute or codified rule in the United States include criminal law ( since 1812, U. S. courts have held that criminal law must be embodied in statute if the public is to have fair notice ), commercial law ( the Uniform Commercial Code in the early 1960s ) and procedure ( the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in the 1930s and the Federal Rules of Evidence in the 1970s ).

In the United States federal courts, class actions are governed by Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 23 and 28 U. S. C. A.

In the early 20th century, Equity Rule 48 was replaced with Equity Rule 38 as part of a major restructuring of the Equity Rules, and when federal courts merged their legal and equitable procedural systems in 1938, Equity Rule 38 became Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation's Most Wanted Terrorists is a list of persons who have been indicted ( formally accused ) by sitting Federal grand juries in the United States district courts, for alleged crimes of terrorism.

Federal courts may only hear cases where federal jurisdiction can be established.

The Federal Courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, meaning that they can only exercise the powers that are granted to them by the Constitution and Federal Laws.

All federal courts operate under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which places various limitations on the use of this device, permitting individual jurisdictions to limit interrogatories to twenty-five questions per party.

* Federal Jury Instruction Resource Page Collecting model or pattern federal civil and criminal jury instructions for trial courts by jurisdiction ( where available ) and subject matter.

In United States Federal courts, there is no absolute right to waive a jury trial.

Federal courts ( those operated by the federal government ) are courts of limited jurisdiction.

This Act modified the Judiciary Act of 1789 in establishing ten new district courts, expanding the number of circuit courts from three to six, and adding additional judges to each circuit, giving the President the authority to appoint Federal judges and justices of the peace.

The doctrine was specifically enshrined in some state constitutions, and by 1803 it had been employed in both State and Federal courts in actions dealing with state statutes, but only insofar as the statutes conflicted with the language of state constitutions.

Because the Constitution lacks a clear statement authorizing the Federal courts to nullify the acts of coequal branches, critics contend that the argument for judicial review must rely on a significant gloss on the Constitution's terms.

State courts are not generally bound by Federal District courts or Circuit courts, however.

If your state has no provisions for the numbering of pleasure boats, you must apply for a number from the U.S. Coast Guard for any kind of boat with mechanical propulsion rated at more than 10 horsepower before it can be used on Federal waterways.

A person can also be made bankrupt after a creditor's petition results in the making of a sequestration order in the Federal Magistrates Court.

When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating " Wherever Federal Funds are expended, I do not see now any American can justify a descrimination of those funds.

** Itemized deduction, eligible expense that individual taxpayers in the United States can report on their Federal income tax returns

While the RSA patent expired in 2000, there are patents in force covering certain aspects of ECC technology, though some argue that the Federal elliptic curve digital signature standard ( ECDSA ; NIST FIPS 186-3 ) and certain practical ECC-based key exchange schemes ( including ECDH ) can be implemented without infringing them.

The U. S. Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) has very strict regulations as to what can and what cannot be called " synthetic " stone.

Federal reserve accounts contain federal reserve credit, which can be converted into federal reserve notes.

A collective head of state can exist in republics ( internal complexity ): e. g. nominal triumvirates ; the Directoire ; the seven-member Swiss Federal Council, where each member acts in turn as ceremonial chief of state ); Bosnia and Herzegovina ( three member presidium, from three different nations ); San Marino ( two " Captains-regent "), which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics, where there always was an even number of consuls.

There are also overlapping and somewhat contradictory rules established by the US Federal Government, so some food grown with hydroponics can be certified organic.

Federal law does not restrict the prescribing, dispensing or administration of methadone for the treatment of pain, and the 5-mg and 10-mg methadone formulations will continue to be available as a tool that family physicians can use to treat patients for pain.

It concluded that Puerto Rico is still an unincorporated territory of the U. S. under the territorial clause, that the establishment of local self-government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U. S. Congress, and that U. S. Congress can also withdraw the U. S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time, for a legitimate Federal purpose.

From the Panoramapunkt one can see such landmarks as the Brandenburg Gate, Reichstag, Federal Chancellery, Bellevue Palace, Cathedral, Television Tower, Gendarmes Market, Holocaust Memorial and Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church.

The existence of prime time in the United States is largely an artifact of now repealed regulations of the Federal Communications Commission, which limited the number of hours that a network can require its affiliates to broadcast.

State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group is the landmark case in which the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled ( July 23, 1998 ) that a computer algorithm can be patented to the extent that it produces " a useful, concrete and tangible result ".

An example can be seen on the website of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's website in their " American Currency Exhibit ":

* Federal agencies can be in legal compliance and still not meet the technical standards.

Therefore, Federal agencies are required, upon request, to provide information and data to individuals with disabilities through an alternative means of access that can be used by the individuals.

The Federal Government, through its Interior Ministry, issues licenses similar to those issued by the provincial government but licenses issued by the Federal Government are valid across provincial boundaries and can be carried throughout the country.

In American Federal Court systems, " de novo " can also refer to a standard of review for courts of appeal.

In the US, Part 91 ( specifically 91. 119 ) of the Federal Aviation Regulations controls the minimum safe altitudes by which aircraft can be operated in the National Airspace System.

Because of its relatively small size for a capital city, Bonn was sometimes referred to, jokingly, as the Bundeshauptstadt ohne nennenswertes Nachtleben ( Federal capital without noteworthy night-life ) or the Bundesdorf ( Federal Village ).

The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve's dual mandate.

American fallout shelters in the early 1960s were sometimes funded in conjunction with funding for other federal programs, such as urban renewal projects of the Federal Housing Authority, examples being Barrington Plaza, and other development projects of Los Angeles County Civil Defense and Disaster Commissioner, Louis Lesser, and were designed for large numbers of citizens.

In free states, Republican militias-called " Wide Awakes "-sided with abolitionists in sometimes violent confrontations with Federal authorities.

The Saarland's reunification with the Federal Republic of Germany was sometimes referred to as the Kleine Wiedervereinigung (" little reunification ", in contrast with the post-Cold War absorption of the GDR ).

The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia is sometimes referred to as a Soviet satellite, though it broke from the Soviet Union in the 1948 Tito-Stalin split, with the Cominform offices being moved from Belgrade to Bucharest, and subsequently initiated formation of the Non-Aligned Movement.

The Council sometimes has gone even as far as to file complaints with the Federal Communications Commission regarding indecent content within Fox programming, having done so for That ' 70s Show and Married by America, having successfully been able to make the FCC fine the Fox network nearly $ 1 million for Married by America.

WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) or Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) programs.

In these countries, terms such as " Federal Premier ", " National Premier ", or " Premier of the Dominion " were sometimes used to refer to prime ministers, although these are now obsolete.

Federal courts must defer to state courts in their the interpretation of state laws, and sometimes " certify " a question of state law in a case pending before it to the highest state court in the state, if state law is unsettled on the issue.

Perinton ( originally Perrinton ( in Federal Censuses ) and sometimes Perrington ) when still part of Ontario County is a town in Monroe County, New York, United States.

The area rejoined the Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957, sometimes called Kleine Wiedervereinigung ( little reunification ).

Section 5 ( c ) of the 1933 Banking Act ( sometimes referred to as the fifth Glass-Steagall provision ) applied Section 16 ’ s rules to Federal Reserve System member state chartered banks.

Another high-velocity load made by manufacturers such as Federal and Winchester, is sometimes labeled " For Law Enforcement Only " and designated. 38 Special + P +.

The Federal Constitutional Court has its seat in Karlsruhe, which as a consequence is sometimes called Germany's " judicial capital "; none of Germany's highest judicial organs are located in Berlin.

In casual conversation or writing, the term " Federal Government " is often used, and the term " National Government " is sometimes used.

Abscam ( sometimes ABSCAM ) was a United States Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) sting operation run from the FBI's Hauppauge, Long Island, office in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Willi Ritschard ( sometimes Willy Ritschard, 28 September 1918-16 October 1983 ) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council ( 1974-1983 ).

The airport is named after Franz Josef Strauß, who played a prominent, albeit sometimes controversial role in politics of the Federal Republic of Germany from the 1950s until his death in 1988.

State and Federal forestry officials sometimes request a forecast from a WFO for a specific location called a " spot forecast.

* A red toque is sometimes worn by German judges, primarily by justices on the Federal Constitutional Court.

In some South Florida cities, Dixie Highway ( or sometimes Old Dixie Highway ) parallels " Federal Highway " ( U. S. Route 1 ), sometimes just a block away.