Firmilian's existing reply was received at Carthage about the middle of November.

It was famously attacked by the Catholic and Jansenist philosopher Pascal, during the formulary controversy against the Jesuits, in his Provincial Letters as the use of rhetorics to justify moral laxity, which became identified by the public with Jesuitism ; hence the everyday use of the term to mean complex and sophistic reasoning to justify moral laxity.

Over the next two years, Harkonnen learns that both of his nephews Glossu Rabban and Feyd-Rautha are conspiring against him to obtain his throne ; he lets them continue to do so, reasoning that they have to somehow learn to organize a conspiracy.

It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation.

Beginning in the 1870s, corporate lawyers argued, following the reasoning of the Dartmouth College case, that corporations could exercise the rights of their shareholders, and that they were entitled to some of the legal protections against arbitrary state action accorded also to natural persons.

Having shown interest in Trevize earlier ( as he is an individual who has spoken out against the Second Foundation frequently ), Gendibal endeavors to follow Trevize, reasoning that he should be able to find out who has altered the mind of the native.

Lakoff's reliance on empirical scientific evidence, i. e. specifically falsifiable predictions, in the 1987 work and in Philosophy in the Flesh ( 1999 ) suggests that the cognitive-metaphor position has no objections to the scientific method, but instead considers the scientific method a finely developed reasoning system used to discover phenomena which are subsequently understood in terms of new conceptual metaphors ( such as the metaphor of fluid motion for conducted electricity, which is described in terms of " current " " flowing " against " impedance ," or the gravitational metaphor for static-electric phenomena, or the " planetary orbit " model of the atomic nucleus and electrons, as used by Niels Bohr ).

The reasoning behind the stoppage, explained Nevada State Athletic Commission czar Marc Ratner, was that the referee and the fight doctor deemed that Vargas was unable to defend himself adequately against Mosley's right-hand shots.

Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by Ibn Taymiyyah ( 1263 – 1328 ), the Ar-Radd ' ala al-Mantiqiyyin ( Refutation of Greek Logicians ), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism and in favour of inductive reasoning.

Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by Ibn Taymiyyah ( 1263 – 1328 ), the Ar-Radd ' ala al-Mantiqiyyin ( Refutation of Greek Logicians ), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism and in favour of inductive reasoning.

He doubted the validity of induction long before its best known critic David Hume, and raised the regress argument against all forms of reasoning:

Schlick had worked on his Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre ( General Theory of Knowledge ) between 1918 and 1925, and, though later developments in his philosophy were to make various contentions of his epistemology untenable, the General Theory is perhaps his greatest work in its acute reasoning against synthetic a priori knowledge.

Sixty years later, Philippe the Good, issued another edict against Gamay in which he stated the reasoning for the ban is that " The Dukes of Burgundy are known as the lords of the best wines in Christendom.

Some jurisdictions have recognized a common law right of recovery for wrongful death, reasoning that “ there is no present public policy against allowing recovery for wrongful death.

The aide-de-camp ( 參軍 ) Tian Feng, who had urged Yuan Shao to attack Cao Cao while he was away, advised against such a campaign, reasoning that they had lost their chance and must wait.

Prior to this, Tresca had supported the Bolsheviks, reasoning that a Communist state was preferable to a capitalist state, regarding Soviet Communists as allies in the fight against Fascism.

In its reasoning against all types of mixed constitution and resistance theory, it was an effective counter-attack against the monarchomach position invoking “ popular sovereignty ”.

He recognized Hogan's showmanship and charisma and was well aware of his potential drawing power, but still believed a wrestling company should be built around one of its best technical wrestlers ( e. g., himself and Bockwinkel ); on the Spectacular Legacy of the AWA DVD, Gagne denied bias against Hogan and defended his actions by reasoning that he believed that Hogan's pursuit of the title was the draw for the audience and that " we really didn't need him to be champion ".

The Vietnamese government, reasoning that it would be difficult to dislodge Liu from its territory and that he might also be a useful ally against the refractory montagnards, co-opted Liu into its service in 1869 and gave him military rank in the Vietnamese army.

He considers destroying the book by fire, but decides against this after reasoning that such a fire would release infinite amounts of smoke, and asphyxiate the entire world.

People make this decision by reasoning the morality of the action and weighing that against its consequences.

Writers Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale say they once considered expanding on their relationship, but decided against it, reasoning that children and adolescents are often drawn to eccentric or mysterious neighbors.

Some geolibertarians claim that the same reasoning justifies a pollution tax against those who degrade the value of common resources.

A risk-taker, Henchard eventually lets his personal grudge against Farfrae get in the way of his reasoning abilities.

Incidentally, some experiments have shown that people may develop a systematic bias for punishment and against reward because of reasoning analogous to this example of the regression fallacy.

Thus, on this line of reasoning, the legal validity of a norm necessarily entails its moral justice.

Just as in philosophy, the scientific concept of fact is central to fundamental questions regarding the nature, methods, scope and validity of scientific reasoning.

Deductive reasoning can be contrasted with inductive reasoning, in regards to validity and soundness.

It may be defined as a dialogue in which contributions are considered according to the validity of their reasoning, instead of according to the status or position of power of those who make them.

Second, the observations themselves do not establish the validity of inductive reasoning, except inductively.

Pyrrhonian skeptic Sextus Empiricus first questioned the validity of inductive reasoning, positing that a universal rule could not be established from an incomplete set of particular instances.

This process is intended to train students in the reasoning methods necessary to interpret theories, statutes, and precedents correctly, and argue their validity, both orally and in writing.

Also, from the aforementioned ' everything other than God and His angels, if spirit, is demon ' vein of reasoning-we find valid logical reasoning for there being a ' Lilith demon ' - if simply to create confusion and add validity to the following of Lilith as deity.

It has sufficient expressive power to handle relational terms generally, and to capture the validity of arguments that elude syllogistic reasoning.

The validity of fine tuning examples is sometimes questioned on the grounds that such reasoning is subjective anthropomorphism applied to natural physical constants.

All three ruled the traditional requirements of ritual washing remained in effect for Conservative Jews ( with some leniencies and liberalization of interpretation ), but disagreed on the reasoning for continuing this practices as well as on the validity of specific leniencies.

Procedures for reasoning with mental models rely on counter-examples to refute invalid inferences ; they establish validity by ensuring that a conclusion holds over all the models of the premises.

This validity of the etymological reasoning with the terms artos from airo was and is disputed.

The case upheld the validity of the Racial Discrimination Act, and endorsed the Australian Government's use of the " external affairs " power to implement treaties not directly relating to other countries, an interpretation that would later become important in cases such as the Tasmanian Dam case, where a majority of four judges would adopt the reasoning favoured by Mason, Murphy and Brennan in this case.

This purely formal " division of labour " has been criticized by Nikolas Kompridis, who sees in it too strong a division between practical and aesthetic reasoning, an unjustifiably hard distinction between the " right " and the " good ", and an unsupportable priority of validity to meaning.

The Jansenists ' reasoning was that the Pope had of course the power to condemn heretical propositions, but not to make that what did not figure in Jansenius ' Augustinus be there.

Ibn Tumart condemned the subtle reasoning of Maliki scholars as " innovations " ( bid ' ah ), obscurantist, perverse and possibly heretical ( a charge previously made by Ibn Hazm and al-Ghazali, and the main reason why their works were proscribed by Almoravid authorities .).