Fleming's impression was that because of the problem of producing it in quantity, and because its action appeared to be rather slow, penicillin would not be important in treating infection.

Fleming's Nobel Prize medal was acquired by the National Museums of Scotland in 1989 and is on display after the museum re-opened in 2011.

Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour, with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own.

The book was the first to be written after the release of Dr. No in cinemas and Sean Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, to give Bond both a sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.

Fleming's diode was used in radio receivers and radars for many decades afterwards, until it was superseded by solid state electronic technology more than 50 years later.

This was a higher honour than the knighthood awarded to penicillin's discoverer, Sir Alexander Fleming, and it recognised the monumental work Florey did in making penicillin available in sufficient quantities to save millions of lives in the war, despite Fleming's doubts that this was feasible.

The conference did not adopt Fleming's time zones because they were outside the purpose for which it was called, which was to choose a prime meridian.

Dr. No was the first of Fleming's novels to receive large-scale negative criticism in Britain, with Paul Johnson of the New Statesman writing his review about the " Sex, Snobbery and Sadism " of the story.

Rider is described in the book as having buttocks like a boy, which brought a response from Fleming's friend Noël Coward that " I was also slightly shocked by the lascivious announcement that Honeychile's bottom was like a boy's.

Fleming's inspiration for the Dr. No character was Sax Rohmer's villain Dr Fu Manchu, the books about who Fleming had read and enjoyed in earlier years.

One of Fleming's neighbours in Jamaica, and later his lover, was Blanche Blackwell, mother of Chris Blackwell of Island Records: Fleming named the guano-collecting ship in Dr. No as Blanche.

Writing in The Times Literary Supplement Philip Stead was more generous to Dr. No, although he thought that Fleming was offering " too opulent a feast " with the book, although he manages to pull this off, where " a less accomplished writer, lacking Mr. Fleming's quick descriptive gift and his powers of making his characters talk with such lucid and natural style, would never have got away with this story.

" Writing in The New York Times, Anthony Boucher — described by a Fleming biographer, John Pearson as " throughout an avid anti-Bond and an anti-Fleming man "— was again damning of Fleming's work, saying " it's harder than ever to see why an ardent coterie so admires Ian Fleming's tales ".

Niven was the only James Bond actor mentioned by name in the text of Fleming's novels.

The story was written at Fleming's Goldeneye estate in Jamaica in early 1956.

Fleming's trip to Istanbul in June 1955 to cover an Interpol conference for The Sunday Times was a source of much of the background information in the story.

Benson felt that the " Fleming Sweep steadily propels the plot " of From Russia, with Love and, though it was the longest of Fleming's novels, " the Sweep makes it seem half as long.

Julian Symons, in The Times Literary Supplement, considered that it was Fleming's " tautest, most exciting and most brilliant tale ", that the author " brings the thriller in line with modern emotional needs ", and that Bond " is the intellectual's Mike Hammer: a killer with a keen eye and a soft heart for a woman ".

Continuation Bond author Raymond Benson analysed Fleming's writing style and identified what he described as the " Fleming Sweep ", a stylistic point that sweeps the reader from one chapter to another using ' hooks ' at the end of chapters to heighten tension and pull the reader into the next.

Goldfinger was written in Jamaica at Fleming's Goldeneye estate in January and February 1958 and was the longest typescript Fleming had produced to that time.

As usual in the Bond novels, a number of Fleming's friends or associates had their names used in the novel ; the Masterton sisters having their names taken from Sir John Masterman, an MI5 agent and Oxford academic who ran the double cross system during World War II ; Alfred Whiting, the golf professional at Royal St George's Golf Club, Sandwich, becoming Alfred Blacking ; whilst the Royal St George's Golf Club itself became the Royal St Mark's, for the game between Bond and Goldfinger.

Fleming's golfing friend John Blackwell then became the heroin smuggler at the beginning of the book, with a sister who was a heroin addict.

Primary amongst these was Rear Admiral John Godfrey, who was Fleming's superior at the Naval Intelligence Division.

Ernst Stavro Blofeld's name partially comes from Tom Blofeld, a Norfolk farmer and a fellow member of Fleming's club Boodle's, who was a contemporary of Fleming's at Eton.

Other names used by Fleming included a colleague at The Sunday Times, Robert Harling, who was transformed into Commissioner of Police Harling, whilst an ex-colleague from his stock broking days, Hugo Pitman, became Chief of Immigration Pitman and Fleming's golfing friend, Bunny Roddick, became Deputy Governor Roddick.

On Her Majesty's Secret Service was written in Jamaica at Fleming's Goldeneye estate in January and February 1962, whilst the first Bond film, Dr. No was being filmed nearby.

For Tracy's background, Fleming used that of Muriel Wright, a married wartime lover of Fleming's, who died in an air-raid and Bond's grief for the loss of his wife is an echo of Fleming's at the loss of Wright.

Fleming did make mistakes in the novel, however, such as Bond ordering a half-bottle of Pol Roger Champagne: Fleming's friend Patrick Leigh Fermor pointed out that Pol Roger was the only champagne at the time not to be produced in half-bottles.

Michael Garrison and his partner at the time, Gregory Ratoff, purchased the film rights to Ian Fleming's first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1954 for $ 600.

In 1938, Howard Florey was working at Lincoln College, Oxford University with Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley, when he read Alexander Fleming's paper discussing the antibacterial effects of Penicillium notatum mould.

Fleming's profound concern for his fellowmen, and at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of the U. S. Air Force and reflect great credit upon himself and the Armed Forces of his country.

Abraham Fleming's account of the appearance of the ghostly black dog " Black Shuck " at the church of Bungay, Suffolk: " A straunge, and terrible wunder wrought very late in the parish church of Bongay: a town of no great distance from the citie of Norwich, namely the fourth of this August, in ye yeere of our Lord 1577 ".

Born in 1933 at Carnmoney, a district of the modern-day borough of Newtownabbey in Northern Ireland, Cooper is most famous for appearing in the 1967 film, Casino Royale, a James Bond satire based on Ian Fleming's first Bond novel of the same name.

Fleming's first major break came in 1988 when she won the Metropolitan Opera Auditions at age 29.

Broccoli made one notable attempt at a non-Bond film, an adaptation of Ian Fleming's Chitty Chitty Bang Bang in 1968, and due to legal wrangling over the rights to story elements, ceded producer credit on Thunderball to Kevin McClory.

The story " Octopussy " was written in early 1962 at Fleming's Goldeneye estate in Jamaica.

" After Naples, the Flemings moved to Monte Carlo, the final stop on Fleming's journey ; Despite spending time at the casino, Fleming thought Monte Carlo somewhat seedy.

The fact that Pechorin was all but a ' hero ' or even a positive character at all in Lermontov's narration stands to indicate Fleming's wry self-deprecating wit about his most famous creation.

Although his foundation of Lincoln College, Oxford was incomplete at the time of his death, the college's future was eventually secured and Fleming's manuscript books became the core collection of the collegiate library.

Penicillin is usually very unstable in its crude form ; as a consequence of this, researchers at the time were building upon Alexander Fleming's work on the drug.

In the main, however, it was a faithful adaptation of the novel, Raymond Benson declaring that " Many fans consider it the best Bond film, simply because it is close to Fleming's original story ".

Arguably Fleming's best ODI innings was his unbeaten 134 to help New Zealand beat hosts South Africa in the 2003 Cricket World Cup.

McClory was best known for adapting Ian Fleming's James Bond character for the screen, for producing Thunderball, and for his legal battles with Fleming ( later United Artists / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer / Eon Productions ).

In 1962, Lee was cast in the role that The Illustrated who's who of the cinema thought would probably be his best remembered, playing the character of M, the head of the Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 )— and the superior of James Bond — in the first Eon Productions film, Dr. No. A number of Bond scholars have noted that Lee's interpretation of the character was in line with the original literary representation ; Cork and Stutz observed that Lee was " very close to Fleming's version of the character ", whilst Rubin commented on the serious, efficient, no-nonsense authority figure.

John Raymond, in The Sunday Times, wrote that " Mr Fleming's prose arouses the voyeur that lurks in all but the best of us ", and considered that the book remained " supremely readable " throughout.

Richard Maibaum ( May 26, 1909-January 4, 1991 ) was an American film producer, playwright and screenwriter best known for his adaptations of Ian Fleming's James Bond novels.

This success triggered Fleming's famous, and modest, quote that " The best doubles pair in the world is John McEnroe and anyone ", though arguably Fleming provided a perfect physical, technical and mental counterpart to McEnroe.

Fleming's 20 Tests between 1994 – 95 and 2000-01 returned 75 wickets at an average of 25. 89 with best figures of 5 / 30.