These in turn were replaced by the crystal detector around 1906, and then around 1920 by vacuum tube technologies such as John Ambrose Fleming's thermionic diode and the triode-based regenerative detector invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong.

* Today is being celebrated as the 100th anniversary of electronics, which began in 1904 with John Ambrose Fleming's invention of the thermionic diode.

Fleming's impression was that because of the problem of producing it in quantity, and because its action appeared to be rather slow, penicillin would not be important in treating infection.

Fleming's Nobel Prize medal was acquired by the National Museums of Scotland in 1989 and is on display after the museum re-opened in 2011.

Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour, with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own.

The book was the first to be written after the release of Dr. No in cinemas and Sean Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, to give Bond both a sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.

This was a higher honour than the knighthood awarded to penicillin's discoverer, Sir Alexander Fleming, and it recognised the monumental work Florey did in making penicillin available in sufficient quantities to save millions of lives in the war, despite Fleming's doubts that this was feasible.

The conference did not adopt Fleming's time zones because they were outside the purpose for which it was called, which was to choose a prime meridian.

Dr. No was the first of Fleming's novels to receive large-scale negative criticism in Britain, with Paul Johnson of the New Statesman writing his review about the " Sex, Snobbery and Sadism " of the story.

Rider is described in the book as having buttocks like a boy, which brought a response from Fleming's friend Noël Coward that " I was also slightly shocked by the lascivious announcement that Honeychile's bottom was like a boy's.

Fleming's inspiration for the Dr. No character was Sax Rohmer's villain Dr Fu Manchu, the books about who Fleming had read and enjoyed in earlier years.

One of Fleming's neighbours in Jamaica, and later his lover, was Blanche Blackwell, mother of Chris Blackwell of Island Records: Fleming named the guano-collecting ship in Dr. No as Blanche.

Writing in The Times Literary Supplement Philip Stead was more generous to Dr. No, although he thought that Fleming was offering " too opulent a feast " with the book, although he manages to pull this off, where " a less accomplished writer, lacking Mr. Fleming's quick descriptive gift and his powers of making his characters talk with such lucid and natural style, would never have got away with this story.

" Writing in The New York Times, Anthony Boucher — described by a Fleming biographer, John Pearson as " throughout an avid anti-Bond and an anti-Fleming man "— was again damning of Fleming's work, saying " it's harder than ever to see why an ardent coterie so admires Ian Fleming's tales ".

Niven was the only James Bond actor mentioned by name in the text of Fleming's novels.

The story was written at Fleming's Goldeneye estate in Jamaica in early 1956.

Fleming's trip to Istanbul in June 1955 to cover an Interpol conference for The Sunday Times was a source of much of the background information in the story.

Benson felt that the " Fleming Sweep steadily propels the plot " of From Russia, with Love and, though it was the longest of Fleming's novels, " the Sweep makes it seem half as long.

Julian Symons, in The Times Literary Supplement, considered that it was Fleming's " tautest, most exciting and most brilliant tale ", that the author " brings the thriller in line with modern emotional needs ", and that Bond " is the intellectual's Mike Hammer: a killer with a keen eye and a soft heart for a woman ".

Despite the commercial success of Fleming's fantastical anti-Communist novels, other former spies, such as John le Carré and Len Deighton, created anti-heroic men protagonists who used the immoral tactics.

Whilst there, one of Fleming's friends, Duff Dunbar, gave him a copy of Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin to read and suggested that he took the time to write up the bedtime story that Fleming used to tell to tell his son Caspar each evening.

In common with Fleming's other Bond stories, he used the names of people he knew, or knew of, throughout his story, including the book's eponymous villain, who was named after British architect Ernő Goldfinger.

As usual in the Bond novels, a number of Fleming's friends or associates had their names used in the novel ; the Masterton sisters having their names taken from Sir John Masterman, an MI5 agent and Oxford academic who ran the double cross system during World War II ; Alfred Whiting, the golf professional at Royal St George's Golf Club, Sandwich, becoming Alfred Blacking ; whilst the Royal St George's Golf Club itself became the Royal St Mark's, for the game between Bond and Goldfinger.

One of Fleming's neighbours in Jamaica, and later his lover, was Blanche Blackwell, mother of Chris Blackwell of Island Records ; Fleming used Blanche as the model for Pussy Galore, although the name " Pussy " came from Mrs " Pussy " Deakin, formerly Livia Stela, an SOE agent and friend of his wife's.

The BBC has used the term " Fleming's Miss Moneypenny " when referring to Jean Frampton, who typed out the manuscripts for Fleming's works and made plot suggestions to him, even though the two never met.

Other names used by Fleming included a colleague at The Sunday Times, Robert Harling, who was transformed into Commissioner of Police Harling, whilst an ex-colleague from his stock broking days, Hugo Pitman, became Chief of Immigration Pitman and Fleming's golfing friend, Bunny Roddick, became Deputy Governor Roddick.

In common with Fleming's other Bond stories, he used the names and places of people he knew or had heard of and Blofeld's research station on Piz Gloria was based on Schloss Mittersill, which the Nazis had turned into a research establishment examining the Asiatic races.

For Tracy's background, Fleming used that of Muriel Wright, a married wartime lover of Fleming's, who died in an air-raid and Bond's grief for the loss of his wife is an echo of Fleming's at the loss of Wright.

Tom Jones says that the name of the play came from George Fleming's 1900 adaptation of the Rostand play, which used the name The Fantasticks.

Other methods ( usually questionnaires ) used to identify learning styles include Fleming's VARK Learning Style Test, Jackson's Learning Styles Profiler ( LSP ), and the NLP meta programs based iWAM questionnaire.

Also from the past, or from his acquaintance, were other references used in the story and Miscellaneous Objectives Bureau was a fictional version of Fleming's 30 AU unit.

" Fielding considered that the cities Fleming visited had the potential for thrills, and hoped that the material gathered was used in Fleming's literary works with thrills included.

At the end of Church Street, Fleming's bridge is a double-arched grade II listed medieval bridge, now just used by pedestrians, which was built for Samuel Fleming, who was rector in the village between 1581 and 1620.

Fleming hinted so in You Only Live Twice, in Bond's obituary, that his adventures were the basis of a series of " sensational novels "; illustrating this contention, that novel's comic strip adaptation used covers from Fleming's James Bond novels.

Jenkins ' synopsis found by John Pearson in Fleming's papers featured gold bicycle chains, baobab tree coffins and the magical Lake Fundudzi-presumably, Jenkins used some or all of these elements in the book itself.

The first recorded use of the phrase to represent Canada was by George Monro Grant, who was Sanford Fleming's secretary and a Presbyterian minister who used the phrase in his sermons.

Bond's tastes are often taken from Fleming's own, as is some of his behaviour: Fleming used the casino to introduce Bond in his first novel because " skill at gambling and knowledge of how to behave in a casino were seen ... as attributes of a gentleman ".

Suchet performed as the voice of the villainous Dr. Julius No in BBC Radio 4's radio adaptation of Ian Fleming's novel Dr. No.

John Ambrose Fleming's development of an early thermionic valve to help detect radio waves was based upon a discovery by Thomas Edison ( called " The Edison effect "), which essentially modified an early light bulb.

The popular story of Winston Churchill's father paying for Fleming's education after Fleming's father saved young Winston from death is false.

There have been six other authors who wrote authorised Bond novels or novelizations after Fleming's death in 1964: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks and Jeffery Deaver ; a new novel, written by William Boyd, is planned for release in 2013.

The king did have a small household of Scots paid for by the English — these included Henry Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, Sir David Fleming's nephew, Alexander Seton and Orkney's brother John Sinclair following the earl's return to Scotland.

In August 1956, Fleming had commissioned Richard Chopping for fifty Guineas to provide the art for the cover, based on Fleming's design ; the result won a number of prizes.

This was changed from Fleming's novels, which had Dr. No working for the USSR.

Mr. Lyon's body is entombed on the grounds of the original cemetery for the church, whereas Mr. Fleming's body is entombed in a small family plot on Fleming St. a road named for the founder, adjacent to Elm St.

Events went seriously wrong for James and he had to escape to the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth along with the earl of Orkney after his escorts were attacked by James Douglas of Balvenie and which resulted in Sir David Fleming's death.

Although Fawkes completed preliminary drawings for the project, the Daily Mail refused to allow him to complete the work as many of Fleming's works were serialised in its rival, the Daily Express.

), a 1954 television adaptation of Fleming's novel for the series Climax!

To some extent the situation also reflected Fleming's own opinions, expressed in the novel as part of Bond's thoughts, where " her sexual confusion is attributable to women's suffrage "; in addition, as Fleming himself put it in the book: " Bond felt the sexual challenge all beautiful Lesbians have for men.

As another extension of his interests, Hwang penned the texts for three dance pieces: Ruby Shang's Yellow Punk Dolls ( live ) and Dances in Exile ( presented on Alive from Off Center ; starring B. D. Wong and directed by Howard Silver ) as well as Maureen Fleming's After Eros ( with music by Philip Glass ).

It was the inspiration for Ian Fleming's 007 novel Casino Royale.

Fleming's left-hand rule is a rule for finding the direction of the thrust on a conductor carrying a current in a magnetic field.