Fleming's impression was that because of the problem of producing it in quantity, and because its action appeared to be rather slow, penicillin would not be important in treating infection.

Fleming's Nobel Prize medal was acquired by the National Museums of Scotland in 1989 and is on display after the museum re-opened in 2011.

Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour, with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own.

The book was the first to be written after the release of Dr. No in cinemas and Sean Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, to give Bond both a sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.

Fleming's diode was used in radio receivers and radars for many decades afterwards, until it was superseded by solid state electronic technology more than 50 years later.

This was a higher honour than the knighthood awarded to penicillin's discoverer, Sir Alexander Fleming, and it recognised the monumental work Florey did in making penicillin available in sufficient quantities to save millions of lives in the war, despite Fleming's doubts that this was feasible.

The conference did not adopt Fleming's time zones because they were outside the purpose for which it was called, which was to choose a prime meridian.

Dr. No was the first of Fleming's novels to receive large-scale negative criticism in Britain, with Paul Johnson of the New Statesman writing his review about the " Sex, Snobbery and Sadism " of the story.

Rider is described in the book as having buttocks like a boy, which brought a response from Fleming's friend Noël Coward that " I was also slightly shocked by the lascivious announcement that Honeychile's bottom was like a boy's.

Fleming's inspiration for the Dr. No character was Sax Rohmer's villain Dr Fu Manchu, the books about who Fleming had read and enjoyed in earlier years.

One of Fleming's neighbours in Jamaica, and later his lover, was Blanche Blackwell, mother of Chris Blackwell of Island Records: Fleming named the guano-collecting ship in Dr. No as Blanche.

Writing in The Times Literary Supplement Philip Stead was more generous to Dr. No, although he thought that Fleming was offering " too opulent a feast " with the book, although he manages to pull this off, where " a less accomplished writer, lacking Mr. Fleming's quick descriptive gift and his powers of making his characters talk with such lucid and natural style, would never have got away with this story.

" Writing in The New York Times, Anthony Boucher — described by a Fleming biographer, John Pearson as " throughout an avid anti-Bond and an anti-Fleming man "— was again damning of Fleming's work, saying " it's harder than ever to see why an ardent coterie so admires Ian Fleming's tales ".

Niven was the only James Bond actor mentioned by name in the text of Fleming's novels.

The story was written at Fleming's Goldeneye estate in Jamaica in early 1956.

Fleming's trip to Istanbul in June 1955 to cover an Interpol conference for The Sunday Times was a source of much of the background information in the story.

Benson felt that the " Fleming Sweep steadily propels the plot " of From Russia, with Love and, though it was the longest of Fleming's novels, " the Sweep makes it seem half as long.

Julian Symons, in The Times Literary Supplement, considered that it was Fleming's " tautest, most exciting and most brilliant tale ", that the author " brings the thriller in line with modern emotional needs ", and that Bond " is the intellectual's Mike Hammer: a killer with a keen eye and a soft heart for a woman ".

Fleming's first wife, Sarah, died in 1949.

* The first two pages of Ian Fleming's novel Diamonds Are Forever are told from the point of view of an African scorpion which kills and eats a beetle and is then casually crushed and killed itself, by one of the villains whom James Bond would later confront and eventually crush.

Dr. No is the sixth novel in Ian Fleming's James Bond series, first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 31 March 1958.

In fact, Niven had been Bond creator Ian Fleming's first choice to play Bond in Dr. No. Casino Royale co-producer Charles K. Feldman said later that Fleming had written the book with Niven in mind, and therefore had sent a copy to Niven.

The character never appears in Fleming's novels though Fleming's first two novels do refer to him ; in subsequent Fleming novels, we read only of " Q Branch ".

From Russia, with Love is the fifth novel in Ian Fleming's James Bond series, first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 8 April 1957.

Goldfinger is the seventh novel in Ian Fleming's James Bond series, first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 23 March 1959.

* April 13-The face of popular literature is transformed with the publication of Ian Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale.

* Ian Fleming's James Bond is first brought into the world in Casino Royale.

In Ian Fleming's first draft of Casino Royale, Moneypenny's name was originally " Miss ' Petty ' Pettaval ", which was taken from Kathleen Pettigrew, the personal assistant to MI6 director Stewart Menzies.

All subsequent articles and books seem to deny Fleming and W. H. Pickering credit, because the compiler of the first Index Catalogue, J. L. E. Dreyer, eliminated Mrs. Fleming's name from the list of objects then discovered by Harvard, attributing them all instead merely to " Pickering " ( taken by most readers to mean E. C. Pickering, Director of Harvard College Observatory.

Fleming's third Bond novel, Moonraker, establishes M's initials as " M **** M *******" and his first name is subsequently revealed to be Miles.

When the script was first drafted in May 1959, with the storyline of an aeroplane of celebrities in the Atlantic, it included elements from Fleming's friend Ernie Cuneo, who included ships with underwater trapdoor in their hulls and an underwater battle scene.

On Her Majesty's Secret Service is the tenth novel in Ian Fleming's James Bond series, first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 1 April 1963.

On Her Majesty's Secret Service was written in Jamaica at Fleming's Goldeneye estate in January and February 1962, whilst the first Bond film, Dr. No was being filmed nearby.

Michael Garrison and his partner at the time, Gregory Ratoff, purchased the film rights to Ian Fleming's first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1954 for $ 600.

Born in 1933 at Carnmoney, a district of the modern-day borough of Newtownabbey in Northern Ireland, Cooper is most famous for appearing in the 1967 film, Casino Royale, a James Bond satire based on Ian Fleming's first Bond novel of the same name.

Snyder became Fleming's first manager, encouraged her to start stripping, and gave her the stage name Blaze Starr.

Fleming's first major break came in 1988 when she won the Metropolitan Opera Auditions at age 29.

However, the rights to Fleming's first Bond novel Casino Royale had been secured by rival producer Charles K. Feldman.

Barry Nelson ( April 16, 1917 – April 7, 2007 ) was an American actor, noted as the first actor to portray Ian Fleming's secret agent James Bond.

In 1962, Lee was cast in the role that The Illustrated who's who of the cinema thought would probably be his best remembered, playing the character of M, the head of the Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 )— and the superior of James Bond — in the first Eon Productions film, Dr. No. A number of Bond scholars have noted that Lee's interpretation of the character was in line with the original literary representation ; Cork and Stutz observed that Lee was " very close to Fleming's version of the character ", whilst Rubin commented on the serious, efficient, no-nonsense authority figure.

The hospital has an Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum where visitors can see Fleming's laboratory, restored to its 1928 condition, and explore the story of Fleming and the discovery and development of penicillin through displays and video.

Although Fawkes completed preliminary drawings for the project, the Daily Mail refused to allow him to complete the work as many of Fleming's works were serialised in its rival, the Daily Express.

Following its successful version of Dr. No, produced in 2008 as a special one-off to mark the centenary of Ian Fleming's birth, Eon Productions allowed a second Bond story to be adapted.

Despite the replacement or upgrading of bridges and track since the 19th century, almost the entirety of Sir Sandford Fleming's route continues to operate ; its fills and rock cuts and iron bridges, once considered extravagant, remain much as they were when they were built.

From Fleming's stunned expression, it is clear Graham reports their unexpected odyssey, its three crew fatalities, their discovery on Mars of a once advanced human civilization destroyed long ago by atomic war, and its descendants reverted to barbarism.

Though Fleming's version of SMERSH supposedly was modelled upon the real SMERSH organization, which existed 1943-1946, the novels portray SMERSH as a massive Soviet counterintelligence organisation, much more resembling the real-life KGB, which aims its operatives abroad in subversion of the West, with the additional goal of killing Western spies, particularly James Bond of SIS.

Penicillin is usually very unstable in its crude form ; as a consequence of this, researchers at the time were building upon Alexander Fleming's work on the drug.

Jenkins ' contract with Glidrose gave him a licence to re-use the material in the novel in the event of its rejection, with the proviso that he could not use any of Fleming's characters.

Sorrell Kerbel notes that " Self proves just as adept at skewering by mimicry the stiff upper lip style and macho substance of Ian Fleming's James Bond books as he is at pillorying the brave new world of political correctness ( with its very own thought police ) in which the ' Therapeutic Hug and Stroke ' is the weapon of choice.

The film was director Victor Fleming's last project — he died only two months after its release.

Caractacus Pott is one of the main characters in Ian Fleming's novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and its film adaptation.