In an article he submitted for the medical journal The Lancet during World War I, Fleming described an ingenious experiment, which he was able to conduct as a result of his own glass blowing skills, in which he explained why antiseptics were killing more soldiers than infection itself during World War I. Antiseptics worked well on the surface, but deep wounds tended to shelter anaerobic bacteria from the antiseptic agent, and antiseptics seemed to remove beneficial agents produced that protected the patients in these cases at least as well as they removed bacteria, and did nothing to remove the bacteria that were out of reach.

" When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic, or bacteria killer ," Fleming would later say, " But I suppose that was exactly what I did.

Fleming finally abandoned penicillin, and not long after he did, Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford took up researching and mass-producing it, with funds from the U. S. and British governments.

This was a higher honour than the knighthood awarded to penicillin's discoverer, Sir Alexander Fleming, and it recognised the monumental work Florey did in making penicillin available in sufficient quantities to save millions of lives in the war, despite Fleming's doubts that this was feasible.

When those plans did not come to fruition, Fleming adapted the ideas to form the basis of the novel, which he originally titled The Wound Man.

* The town was incorporated in 1852 as Shinn's Town by an act of the Virginia Legislature, as West Virginia did not yet exist as an independent state, and Solomon S. Fleming was elected the first mayor.

State representative Erik R. Fleming placed first of four candidates in the June Democratic primary, but did not receive the 50 percent of the vote required to earn the party's nomination.

He did so and, on 19 November 1963, the case of McClory v Fleming was heard at the Chancery Division of the High Court.

As he wrote the novel, Fleming used aspects of his life to flesh out the details, much as he did with many of his Bond stories.

Fleming did not live to see Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang published: he suffered a further heart attack on 11 August 1964 and died in the early morning of the following day — his son Caspar's twelfth birthday — in Canterbury, Kent.

" Robson saw this as a positive development, but it did mean that although " there are incidental displays of the virtuosity to which Mr. Fleming has accustomed us, ... the narrative does not slip into top gear until Goldfinger unfolds his plan ".

However, when the film was released in July 1959, it was poorly received, and did not do well at the box office ; Fleming became disenchanted with McClory's ability as a result.

He did so and on 19 November 1963, the case of McClory v Fleming was heard at the Chancery Division of the High Court.

Fleming did make mistakes in the novel, however, such as Bond ordering a half-bottle of Pol Roger Champagne: Fleming's friend Patrick Leigh Fermor pointed out that Pol Roger was the only champagne at the time not to be produced in half-bottles.

While Fleming never claimed there was any other source for the name of Bond than James Bond, an American ornithologist, there was a real life James Bond who did attend Fettes.

Diefenbaker, who had failed in two prior bids for the leadership, announced his candidacy, as did Tory frontbenchers Davie Fulton and Donald Fleming.

Fleming, " always reluctant to let a good idea lie idle ", turned this into the novel Thunderball which did not credit either McClory or Whittingham ; McClory then took Fleming to the High Court in London for breach of copyright and the matter was settled in 1963.

Capra, Fleming, and James Whale were three of the few directors who received the credit " A ( insert director's name here ) Production " even though they did not produce their films.

This contrasts with the strain discovered by Fleming, Penicillium notatum, which did not affect the typhoid bacilli.

Later and without permission, Fleming novelized the draft screenplay Thunderball, his ninth novel, in 1961, which initially did not credit McClory or Whittingham.

The assassin, Trigger, was partly based on Amaryllis Fleming, Ian's half-sister, a concert cellist with blonde hair, and Fleming managed to get a passing reference to her in the story, saying: " Of course Suggia had managed to look elegant, as did that girl Amaryllis somebody.

The reviewer for the Los Angeles Times, Robert Kirsch, did not enjoy the book and considered Fleming to be " a second-rate reporter, filled with the irritating prejudices and pomposities of a middle-class English traveller.

In August 1956, Fleming had commissioned Richard Chopping for fifty Guineas to provide the art for the cover, based on Fleming's design ; the result won a number of prizes.

Biographers note that Sayers ' later relationship with Bill White and her marriage to the fellow writer Oswald Atherton " Mac " Fleming provide grist for Vane's struggle to balance love ( and perhaps marriage to Wimsey ) and her work.

Porritt would become the Party's most significant public figure, working, with David Fleming, " to provide the Party with an attractive image and effective organisation ".

The problem was solved by programmer James Fleming: the game's engine renders and applies textures to foreground objects in full 3D graphics, but — according to PC Gamer US — displays a " bitmapped background in the distance " to provide the " illusion of detail ".

It continues to provide a framework for this expression and invites the participation of everyone .” Subsequently Jeanne Fleming, who had been working on the parade for three years, took over as director.

Fleming took the name for his character from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies ; Fleming, a keen birdwatcher himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that " It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born ".

The movie included a tribute to Ian Fleming via a cameo appearance by an unidentified secret agent with the initials " J. B ." The part was played by one-time James Bond George Lazenby who was shown driving Bond's trademark vehicle, an Aston Martin DB5.

As he had done in his previous novels, Fleming borrowed names from his friends and associates to use in his book ; Ivar Bryce's housekeeper, May Maxwell, became Bond's Scottish " treasure " May.

Fleming accepted the criticism from the paper concerning the exclusivity of Bond's objects, such as cigarettes and food, but defended it on the basis that " I had to fit Bond out with some theatrical props ".

These included his cocktail, (" The Vesper "), which Fleming said " I sampled several months later and found it unpalatable " and Bond's diet.

Fleming called these devices " vulgar foibles " which he was saddled with, although maybe, he suggested, " Bond's luxury meals are simply saying " no " to toad-in-the-hole and tele-bickies.

Following on from the character development of Bond in his previous four novels, Fleming adds further background to Bond's private life in From Russia, with Love, largely around his home life and personal habits, with Bond's introduction to the story seeing him at breakfast with his housekeeper, May.

One of the re-writes was Bond's fate at the end of the novel ; Fleming had become disenchanted with his books, and decided in April 1956 to alter the ending to make Klebb to poison Bond, allowing Fleming to finish the series with the death of Bond if he wanted.

Fleming structured the novel in three sections —" Happenstance ", " Coincidence " and " Enemy action "— which was how Goldfinger described Bond's three seemingly coincidental meetings with him.

" Galore was introduced by Fleming in order for Bond to seduce her, thereby proving Bond's masculinity of being able to seduce a lesbian.

To some extent the situation also reflected Fleming's own opinions, expressed in the novel as part of Bond's thoughts, where " her sexual confusion is attributable to women's suffrage "; in addition, as Fleming himself put it in the book: " Bond felt the sexual challenge all beautiful Lesbians have for men.

I don't envy Mr Bond's wealthy creator, Ian Fleming.

Felix Leiter, James Bond's CIA ally and friend, played a part in six of the Fleming novels ; he is introduced in Casino Royale as being thin, tall, about thirty-five years old and a former member of the U. S. Marine Corps who was working with the Joint Intelligence Staff of NATO.

Fleming made a number of revelations about Bond's character within the book, including showing an emotional side that was not present in the previous stories.

The snow cracked behind him and an avalanche came down, catching him at its end: Fleming remembered the incident and it was used for Bond's escape from Piz Gloria.

Mirrlees also discovered that the line of the Bonds of Peckham bears the family motto " The World is Not Enough ", which Fleming appropriated for Bond's own family.

For Tracy's background, Fleming used that of Muriel Wright, a married wartime lover of Fleming's, who died in an air-raid and Bond's grief for the loss of his wife is an echo of Fleming's at the loss of Wright.

Ian Fleming, who was a keen bird watcher living in Jamaica, was familiar with Bond's book, and chose the name of its author for the hero of Casino Royale in 1953, apparently because he wanted a name that sounded ' as ordinary as possible '.

Fleming wrote to the real Bond's wife, " It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born.

Also in his novel Dr. No Fleming referenced Bond's work by basing a large Ornithological Sanctuary on Dr. No's island in the Bahamas.

Whilst expanding on James Bond's back story, Ian Fleming wrote in You Only Live Twice that the agent had attended Fettes College, his father's old school, after having been removed from Eton.