The name bank derives from the Italian word banco " desk / bench ", used during the Renaissance era by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions above a desk covered by a green tablecloth.

Like other Florentine bankers and companies having difficulty with bankruptcy at the time, in September 1342 they supported the move to invite Walter VI of Brienne to become the next signor of Florence.

As bankers, the Frescobaldi financed ventures for numerous members of European royal families, notably their financial conquest of England, which Fernand Braudel has signalled as the greatest achievement of the Florentine firms, " not only in holding the purse-strings of the kings of England, but also in controlling sales of English wool which was vital to continental workshops and in particular to the Arte della Lana of Florence.

In 1524, the Florentine navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano, working for Italian bankers in France, explored the American coast from Florida to Cape Breton.

As a result of Gregory XI's economic sanctions, merchants of the Florentine " diaspora " were hurt economically throughout Europe, particularly the Alberti bankers in Avignon, although the interdict was ignored by many, including Charles V of France.

Starting from the late Middle Ages, Florentine money — in the form of the gold florin — financed the development of industry all over Europe, from Britain to Bruges, to Lyon and Hungary.

They were financed through the generosity of the most important Florentine families, who ensured themselves of funerary chapels on consecrated ground.

The geometrically patterned marble façade was probably begun in about 1090, although the upper parts date from the 12th century or later, financed by the Florentine Arte di Calimala ( cloth merchants ’ guild ), who were responsible for the church ’ s upkeep from 1288.

The first languages for which standardisation was promoted included Italian (" questione della lingua ": Modern Tuscan / Florentine vs. Old Tuscan / Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian ), French ( the standard is based on Parisian ), English ( the standard is based on the London dialect ) and ( High ) German ( based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia (" Common German ")).

** Florence: 3D Panoramas of Florentine Renaissance Sites ( English / Italian )

" It was translated into English, French ( by Jean de Meun and others ), Italian ( by the Florentine judge Bono Giamboni and others ), Catalan, Spanish, Czech, and Yiddish before the invention of printing.

** Reprint of the 1745 Florentine edition + comments, updates ( in English ) by Frits Naerebout and Alkis Raftis, Joannes Meursius and his " Orchestra, sive de saltationibus veterum " of 1618.

He first studied with Ignatius Hugford, a Florentine artist of English descent, and then under Anton Domenico Gabbiani.

It was translated into English, French ( by Jean de Meun and others ), Italian ( by the Florentine judge Bono Giamboni and others ), Catalan, Spanish, Czech, and Yiddish before the invention of printing.

The tomb was sculpted by a Florentine Renaissance artist, thus, the style is atypical of English art.

Since 1339, Florence had been in the grip of a severe economic crisis brought about by immense English debts to Florentine banking houses, and by astronomical public debts incurred in trying to obtain the nearby city of Lucca from its Veronese lord, Martino Della Scala.

De mulieribus claris ( English: Famous Women or On Famous Women or Of Famous Women ) is a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio, first published in 1374.

The English term " Florentine mosaic " is sometimes also encountered, probably developed by the tourist industry.

Among the first standardization discussions and processes are the ones for Italian (“ questione della lingua ”: Modern Tuscan / Florentine vs. Old Tuscan / Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian ), French ( standard is based on Parisian ), English ( standard is based on the London dialect ) and ( High ) German ( based on: chancellery of Meißen / Saxony + Middle German + chancellery of Prague / Bohemia German ”).

Among their Florentine circle could be counted the sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand, the writer Isolde Kurz, the English architect and antiquary Herbert Horne, the Dutch Germanist André Jolles and the Belgian art historian Jacques Mesnil.

His chief publications are lives of Walter Savage Landor ( 1881 ) and Keats ( 1887 ), in the English Men of Letters series ; editions of the letters of Keats ( 1887 ); A Florentine Picture-Chronicle ( 1898 ), and Early History of Engraving in England ( 1905 ).

This contrasts with societies outside of this region, where early marriage for both sexes was virtually universal and high fertility was counteracted by high mortality ; a Tuscan woman 21 years of age would be seen as past marriageable age, the deadline for which was 19 years, and easily 97 percent of Florentine women were married by the age of 25 years while 21 years was the typical age of an English bride.

Lorenzo de ' Medici ( 1 January 1449 – 9 April 1492 ) was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance.

The two Florentine brothers who were housing him during his stay bring a friar from a nearby convent to hear his confession and give him his last rites.

( It was famously during one of these stops, in 1501, where the Florentine navigator Amerigo Vespucci began to construct his " New World " hypothesis about America.

Florence's principal nemesis during his tenure, Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan, once remarked that one of Salutati's letters could " cause more damage than a thousand Florentine horsemen.

* McManus, Stuart M., Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and ritual during the Council of Florence ', The Journal of the Oxford University History Society, 6 ( Michaelmas 2008 / Hilary 2009 ), 1-23

However, little detail is known with certainty about his private life, and no mention of his sexuality has been found in the Florentine archives ( in terms of denunciations ) albeit which during this period are incomplete.

* Stuart M. McManus, ' Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and ritual during the Council of Florence ', Journal of the Oxford University History Society, 6 ( Michaelmas 2008 / Hilary 2009 )

* Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and ritual during the Council of Florence

The earliest preserved record, a letter from the Florentine senate to King Tvrtko I of Bosnia dated 20 October 1389, says that Murad was killed during the battle.

While the Carraccis laid emphasis on the typically Florentine linear draftsmanship, as exemplified by Raphael and Andrea del Sarto, their interest in the glimmering colours and mistier edges of objects derived from the Venetian painters, notably the works of Venetian Oil Painter Titian, which Annibale and Agostino studied during their travels around Italy in 1580-81 at the behest of the elder Caracci Lodovico.

Theorboes were developed during the late sixteenth century, inspired by the demand for extended bass range for use in opera developed by the Florentine Camerata and new musical works based on basso continuo, such as Giulio Caccini's two collections, Le nuove musiche ( 1602 and 1614 ).

* McManus, Stuart M. " Byzantines in the Florentine Polis: Ideology, Statecraft and Ritual during the Council of Florence ".

The idea was taken up anew in the circle of Lorenzo de ' Medici in the 1460s and 1470s, during the Florentine Renaissance.

While he was active during the High Renaissance, he already constitutes, through his nervous and eccentric posings and distortions, a transitional stage to the first Florentine and Roman Mannerists of the 16th century.

Opera originated in Italy in the late 16th century during the time of the Florentine Camerata.

He went with the Florentine army to fight against Castruccio Castracani, lord of Lucca, and was present at Altopascio during Florence's defeat.

The frescoes completed mainly by three painters and assistants during 1588-1589 ; the exact attributions are uncertain, but it is said the Creation, the angels on the pilasters, and the designs of some of the frescoes by the Florentine Jesuit painter, Giovanni Battista Fiammeri.

Lorenzo also employed him to build a monastery of Augustinian Friars outside the Florentine gate of San Gallo, which was destroyed during the siege of Florence in 1530.

A remarkable group of Florentine architects, painters, and sculptors worked during the early 1400s.

Born in Cortona, Passerini was taken under the wing of the powerful Florentine Medici family, after his father, Rosado, was imprisoned for too openly supporting the Medici cause during one of the reversals of power in 15th ‑ century Florence.

Also during this time he took part in the movement of humanists, writers, musicians and scholars of the ancient world who formed the Florentine Camerata, the group which gathered at the home of Count Giovanni de ' Bardi, and which was dedicated to recovering the supposed lost glory of ancient Greek dramatic music.

In 1589, Isabella Andreini performed her comic work Pazzia d ' Isabella ( Isabella's madness ) for the Florentine court during the wedding of Ferdinando I de ' Medici and Christina of Lorraine, and the details of the mostly improvised play have endured until modern times.

He became friends with Vincenzo Galilei, the father of the astronomer, during the 1570s ; whether or not he was a member of the Florentine Camerata is uncertain.