However, the Fluctuation Theorem applies to systems arbitrariliy far from equilibrium where the definition of the spontaneous entropy production is problematic.

The mathematical proof of the Fluctuation Theorem and in particular the Second Law Inequality shows that, given a non-equilibrium starting state, the probability of seeing its entropy increase is greater than the probability of seeing its entropy decrease-see The Fluctuation Theorem from Advances in Physics 51: 1529.

* Le Chatelier's principle-a nineteenth century principle that defied a mathematical proof until the advent of the Fluctuation Theorem.

The thermodynamics of such motors is constrained by the ramifications of the Fluctuation Theorems, Pumping Quantization Theorems,

* Fluctuation theorem on arxiv. org

The Fishery for Blue Crabs in the St. Johns River, Florida, with Special Reference to Fluctuation in Yield Between 1961 and 1962.

Fluctuation of species within Canidae over 40 million years

Perceptual and Physical Properties of Amplitude Fluctuation and their Musical Significance.

* Fluctuation in Visual acuity.

The research programs are: Aging, Asset Pricing, Children, Corporate Finance, Development of the American Economy, Economics of Education, Economics of Fluctuation Growth, Energy and the Environment, Health Care, Health Economics, Industrial Organization, International Finance and Macroeconomics, International Trade and Investment, Labor Studies, Law and Economics, Monetary Economics, Political Economy, Productivity, and Public Economics.

No purely Hamiltonian description is capable of treating the experiments carried out to verify the Crooks fluctuation theorem, Jarzynski equality and the Fluctuation Theorem.

* Fluctuation theorem-Provides an equality that quantifies fluctuations in time averaged entropy production in a wide variety of nonequilibrium systems.

The Luria – Delbrück experiment ( 1943 ) ( also called the Fluctuation Test ) demonstrates that in bacteria, genetic mutations arise in the absence of selection, rather than being a response to selection.

* Tryon, Edward P. " Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation ," in Nature, 246 ( 1973 ), pp. 396 – 397.

Afyon was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50 lira banknote of 1927-1938.

Moreover, the small economy has seen some downfalls because the Turkish lira is legal tender.

Although the economy operates on a free-market basis, the lack of private and government investment, shortages of skilled labor and experienced managers, and inflation and the devaluation of the Turkish lira continue to plague the economy.

") An example of this would be Turkey's revaluation of the Lira on 1 January 2005, when the old Turkish lira ( TRL ) was converted to the New Turkish lira ( TRY ) at a rate of 1, 000, 000 old to 1 new Turkish Lira.

The Turkish lira, which was pegged to the U. S. dollar prior to the crisis of 2001, had to be floated, and lost an important amount of its value.

During the past decade since 2001, the Turkish lira has also gained a considerable amount of value and maintained its stability, becoming an internationally exchangeable currency once again ( in line with the inflation that dropped to single-digit figures since 2003.

In recent years, the chronically high inflation has been brought under control and this has led to the launch of a new currency, the " New Turkish lira ", on January 1, 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy.

On January 1, 2009, the New Turkish lira was renamed once again as the " Turkish lira ", with the introduction of new banknotes and coins.

Turkish lira # Coins | 5-kuruş-coin features the tree of life.

Yunus Emre's portrait is depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 200 lira banknote issued in 2009.

His face and name are seen and heard everywhere in Turkey ; his portrait can be seen in all public buildings, in all schools and classrooms, on all school books, on all Turkish lira banknotes, and in the homes of many Turkish families.

With the birth of the Turkish Republic after the First World War, St. Sophia became a museum, and the ancient mosaics, which were plastered over by the Moslems, whose religion forbids pictures in holy places, have been restored.

German words with umlaut would further be alphabetized as if there were no umlaut at all — contrary to Turkish which allegedly adopted the German graphemes ö and ü, and where a word like tüfek, " gun ", would come after tuz, " salt ", in the dictionary.

However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.

His real name was Muhammad bin Da ' ud Chaghri, and for his military prowess, personal valour, and fighting skills he obtained the surname Alp Arslan, which means " Heroic Lion " in Turkish.

To the southwest of the range is the Armenian Plateau, which slopes southwestward toward the Araks River on the Turkish border.

By 1980 the infrequency of sightings of Mount Ararat, which looms about sixty kilometers across the Turkish border, became a symbol of worsening air pollution in Yerevan.

The reign of Ahmed III, which had lasted for twenty-seven years, although marked by the disasters of the Great Turkish War, was not unsuccessful.

Historians identify several waves of migration to the United States: one from 1815 – 1860, in which some five million English, Irish, Germanic, Scandinavian, and others from northwestern Europe came to the United States ; one from 1865 – 1890, in which some 10 million immigrants, also mainly from northwestern Europe, settled, and a third from 1890 – 1914, in which 15 million immigrants, mainly from central, eastern, and southern Europe ( many Austrian, Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Greek, Italian, and Romanian ) settled in the United States.

His relics, now consisting of only his skull, are venerated in the Church of St. Titus, Heraklion, Crete to which it was returned in 1966 after being removed to Venice during the Turkish occupation.

Abdülhamid I, Abdul Hamid I or Abd Al-Hamid I ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد اول ` Abdü ’ l-Ḥamīd-i evvel ), which translates to the Servant of God ( March 20, 1725 – April 7, 1789 ), was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

This was amended under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which restored the straits to Turkish territory — but allowed all foreign warships and commercial shipping to traverse the straits freely.

This incident, coupled with Stalin's demands for the restitution of the Turkish provinces of Kars, Artvin and Ardahan to the Soviet Union ( which were lost by Turkey with the Russo – Turkish War of 1877 – 1878, but were regained with the Treaty of Kars in 1921 ) was one of the main reasons why Turkey decided to give up its general principle of neutrality in foreign affairs.

It was influenced by its non-Slavic neighbors in the Balkan language area ( mostly grammatically ) and later also by Turkish, which was the official language of the Ottoman Empire, in the form of the Ottoman Turkish language, mostly lexically.

As a national revival occurred towards the end of the period of Ottoman rule ( mostly during the 19th century ), a modern Bulgarian literary language gradually emerged which drew heavily on Church Slavonic / Old Bulgarian ( and to some extent on literary Russian, which had preserved many lexical items from Church Slavonic ) and later reduced the number of Turkish and other Balkanic loans.

Similarly, frets on earlier balalaikas were made of animal gut and tied to the neck so that they could be moved around by the player at will ( as is the case with the modern saz, which allows for the microtonal playing distinctive to Turkish and Central Asian music ).

Reinforcements had to come from Asia mainly by sea, which depended on the result of battles between the Turkish and Greek navies in the Aegean.

In his early career he and his bands contributed to the Turkish rock movement by combining traditional Turkish music with rock influences, which is still one of the main trends of Turkish popular music.

The two mountain ranges run generally parallel to the Taurus Mountains on the Turkish mainland, the outlines of which are visible from northern Cyprus.