Folklorists have attempted to determine the origin by internal evidence, which can not always be clear ; Joseph Jacobs, comparing the Scottish tale The Ridere of Riddles with the version collected by the Brothers Grimm, The Riddle, noted that in The Ridere of Riddles one hero ends up polygamously married, which might point to an ancient custom, but in The Riddle, the simpler riddle might argue greater antiquity.

Folklorists have classified fairy tales in various ways.

Folklorists sometimes divide oral tales into two main groups: Märchen and Sagen.

Folklorists Iona and Peter Opie indicate in The Classic Fairy Tales ( 1974 ) that " Hansel and Gretel " belongs to a group of European tales especially popular in the Baltic regions about children outwitting ogres into whose hands they have involuntarily fallen.

Folklorists often go further, defining myths as " tales believed as true, usually sacred, set in the distant past or other worlds or parts of the world, and with extra-human, inhuman, or heroic characters ".

* 1997: Folklorists define a myth as " a sacred narrative explaining how the world and humankind came to be in their present form ".

Folklorists have suggested that their actual origin lies in a conquered race living in hiding, or in religious beliefs that lost currency with the advent of Christianity.

James Sharpe, in The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft: the Western Tradition, states: " Folklorists began their investigations in the 19th Century found that familiars figured prominently in ideas about witchcraft.

Folklorists of the first decade of the 20th century, especially those from Britain, included shanties among their interests in collecting folk songs connected with the idea of national heritage.

Folklorists Iona and Peter Opie point out in The Classic Fairy Tales ( 1999 ) that the tale has a " partial analogue " in " Snow White ": the lost princess enters the dwarves ' house, tastes their food, and falls asleep in one of their beds.

Folklorists associate the practice with the widespread British custom of blacking up for mumming and morris dancing, and suggest there is no record of slave ships coming to Padstow.

Folklorists Iona and Peter Opie have observed in The Classic Fairy Tales ( 1974 ) that " the tenor of Jack's tale, and some of the details of more than one of his tricks with which he outwits the giants, have similarities with Norse mythology.

Folklorists have documented folk versions with obscene lyrics from the 19th century.

Folklorists generally resist universal interpretations of narratives and, wherever possible, analyze oral versions of tellings in specific contexts, rather than print sources, which often show the work or bias of the writer or editor.

Folklorists such as Gwenith Gwynn, interviewing people in the early twentieth century, were unwittingly discovering folk memories of a Victorian misunderstanding rather than an actual, earlier folk practice.

Folklorists have suggested that the most popular legends about Whittington — that his fortunes were founded on the sale of his cat, who was sent on a merchant vessel to a rat-beset Eastern emperor — originated in a popular 17th-century engraving by Renold Elstracke in which his hand rested on a cat, but the picture only reflects a story already in wide circulation.

Folklorists have long studied variants on this tale across cultures.

Folklorists of the 19th century saw these figures as Celtic fairies.

Folklorists have proposed that the mine kobold derives from the beliefs of the ancient Germanic people.

History of British Folklore, Volume I: The British Folklorists: A History.

Folklorists and cultural anthropologists such as P. Saintyves and Edward Burnett Tylor saw Little Red Riding Hood in terms of solar myths and other naturally occurring cycles, stating that the wolf represents the night swallowing the sun, and the variations in which Little Red Riding Hood is cut out of the wolf's belly represent the dawn.

Folklorists often interpret the French folk tale Cinderella as the competition between the stepmother and the stepdaughter for resources, which may include the need to provide a dowry.

Folklorists and cultural anthropologists such as P. Saintyves and Edward Burnett Tylor saw " Little Red Riding Hood " in terms of solar myths and other naturally-occurring cycles.

Folklorists who have collected traditional music of Massachusetts include Eloise Hubbard Linscott, whose field recordings from 1938 and 1941 are in the Library of Congress American Folklife Center.

Robert Winslow Gordon, Lomax's predecessor at the Library of Congress, had written ( in an article in the New York Times, c. 1926 ) that, " Nearly every type of song is to be found in our prisons and penitentiaries " Folklorists Howard Odum and Guy Johnson also had observed that, " If one wishes to obtain anything like an accurate picture of the workaday Negro he will surely find his best setting in the chain gang, prison, or in the situation of the ever-fleeing fugitive.

An artillery school set up by the anti-socialist " Whites " during the Finnish Civil War, 1918

Turku has a longer educational history than any other Finnish city – the first school in the city, the Cathedral School, was founded along with the Cathedral of Turku in the late 13th century.

Because of the worsened family finances and Gustaf Mannerheim's serious discipline problems in school, Albert von Julin decided to send him to the school of the Finnish Cadet Corps in Hamina in 1882 to learn self-discipline ( something he excelled in as an adult ) and a profession.

But his report from the Finnish Cadet Corps, with his bad conduct at school, made this impossible.

Now he had a better school report to show than the one from the Finnish Cadet Corps.

In Finland, Swedish is a mandatory school subject for Finnish-speaking pupils in the last three years of the primary education ( grades 7 to 9 ), in the same way as Finnish is for the Swedish-speaking.

However, the government recently dropped the requirement to take Swedish ( or Finnish in the case of the Swedish-speaking minority ) as part of the high school matriculation examination.

* Finland: lukio ( educational language is Finnish ) or gymnasium ( educational language is Swedish ) takes 2 – 5 years ( most students spend 3 years ), after 9 years of primary school ( peruskoulu in Finnish, grundskola in Swedish ); lukio starts usually in the autumn of the year when the student turns 16 and ends with abitur after passing the matriculation examination ; lukio is not compulsory and its entrance is competitive.

More recently, the Finnish school of Lutheran thought has drawn close associations between theosis and justification.

At school there were pupils of many different nationalities including German, Russian, Finnish and Scandinavian.

Her best-known projects were Drottninghuset ( English: The Queenhouse ), a home for poor widows in Stockholm ( 1686 ), and the tapestry school at Karlberg, were poor girls were educated to tapestry manufacturing by three unmarried Finnish noblewomen.

When the Finnish Minister of Culture appointed Maija-Liisa Marton to follow him as headmaster, the whole student body occupied and barricaded the school building with desks and chairs, refusing to " give it up ".

An artillery school was located in Jakobstad during the Finnish civil war.

The present Finnish education system consists of well-funded and carefully thought out daycare programs ( for babies and toddlers ) and a one-year " pre-school " ( or kindergarten for six-year olds ); a nine-year compulsory basic comprehensive school ( starting at age seven and ending at the age of fifteen ); post-compulsory secondary general academic and vocational education ; higher education ( University and Polytechnical ); and adult ( lifelong, continuing ) education.

The basic compulsory educational system in Finland is the nine-year comprehensive school ( Finnish peruskoulu, Swedish grundskola, " basic school "), for which school attendance is mandatory ( homeschooling is allowed, but rare ).

From the outset pupils are expected to learn two languages in addition to the language of the school ( usually Finnish or Swedish ), and students in grades one through nine spend from four to eleven periods each week taking classes in art, music, cooking, carpentry, metalwork, and textiles.

Finnish upper secondary students may choose whether to undergo occupational training to develop vocational competence and / or to prepare them for a polytechnic institute or to enter an academic upper school focusing on preparation for university studies and post-graduate professional degrees in fields such as law, medicine, science, education, and the humanities.

In 2011, documentary filmmaker, Bob Compton, and Harvard researcher, Dr. Tony Wagner, made research looking into the Finnish school system and its excellence.

* Finnish school system

* PISA 2006 and the Finnish school system