For each mass flow rate the arc voltage was measured.

For this reason the examples given below are grouped by voltage level.

For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves.

For example, in sound recording, fluctuations in air pressure ( that is to say, sound ) strike the diaphragm of a microphone which induces corresponding fluctuations in the current produced by a coil in an electromagnetic microphone, or the voltage produced by a condensor microphone.

For example, an audio amplifier with a gain given as 20 dB will have a voltage gain of ten ( but a power gain of 100 would only occur in the event the input and output impedances were identical ).

For example, diodes are used to regulate voltage ( Zener diodes ), to protect circuits from high voltage surges ( avalanche diodes ), to electronically tune radio and TV receivers ( varactor diodes ), to generate radio frequency oscillations ( tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes ), and to produce light ( light emitting diodes ).

For example, diodes are used in ( stepper motor and H-bridge ) motor controller and relay circuits to de-energize coils rapidly without the damaging voltage spikes that would otherwise occur.

For example, a transconductance amplifier has a gain with units of conductance ( output current per input voltage ).

For either enhancement-or depletion-mode devices, at drain-to-source voltages much less than gate-to-source voltages, changing the gate voltage will alter the channel resistance, and drain current will be proportional to drain voltage ( referenced to source voltage ).

For a simple metal where there is only one type of charge carrier ( electrons ) the Hall voltage V < sub > H </ sub > is given by

For example, suppose a process commands that a computer card's voltage output be set high-low-high-low and so on at a rate of 1000 Hz.

For example, in a non-inverting amplifier ( see the figure on the right ) adding a negative feedback via the voltage divider R < sub > f </ sub >, R < sub > g </ sub > and the differential to single ended conversion is completed without gain losses.

For example, a 1 cm < sup > 3 </ sup > cube of quartz with 2 kN ( 500 lbf ) of correctly applied force can produce a voltage of 12500 V.

For data transmission lines ( TxD, RxD and their secondary channel equivalents ) logic one is defined as a negative voltage, the signal condition is called marking.

For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.

For either mode, a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for N-channel devices and a lower current for P-channel devices.

For a given amount of power, high voltage reduces the current required and reduces the power lost in the conductors for practical conductor sizes.

For example, with R < sub > a </ sub >= 10000 Ohms, voltage drop on it will be

For use as a voltmeter, a series resistance is added so that the angular rotation becomes proportional to the applied voltage.

For example a meter with a sensitivity of 1000 ohms per volt would draw 1 milliampere at full scale voltage ; if the full scale was 200 volts, the resistance at the instrument's terminals would be 200, 000 ohms and at full scale the meter would draw 1 milliampere from the circuit under test.

For a given amount of power, a higher voltage reduces the current and thus the resistive losses in the conductor.

For example, raising the voltage by a factor of 10 reduces the current by a corresponding factor of 10 and therefore the I < sup > 2 </ sup > R losses by a factor of 100, provided the same sized conductors are used in both cases.

For a given pulse energy, this requires creating pulses of the shortest possible duration utilizing techniques such as Q-switching.

For instance, laser microscopy focused on biological applications uses ultrashort pulse lasers, or femtosecond lasers, in a number of techniques labeled as nonlinear microscopy, saturation microscopy, and multiphoton fluorescence microscopy.

For example, Sweden uses one pulse to signal the number zero, and 10 pulses to signal the number nine.

For example, a pulse train in which the pulse duration is 1 μs and the pulse period is 4 μs has a duty cycle of 25 %.

For example, using a long pulse length, it may possible to measure attenuation over a distance of more than 100 km, however in this case an optical event may appear to be over 1 km long.

For AMI, each mark pulse had the opposite polarity of the previous one and each space was at a level of zero, resulting in a three level signal which however only carried binary data.

For the generation of a PAM signal we use a flat top type PAM scheme because during the transmission, the noise is interfered at top of the transmission pulse which can be easily removed if the PAM pulse in flat top.

For example, nuclear pulse propulsion is a form of spacecraft propulsion that would use nuclear explosives to provide impulse to a spacecraft.

For example, according to Fourier equation, a pulse of heat at the origin would be felt at infinity instantaneously.

For example, the APOLLO Collaboration photon pulse return graph, shown here, has a pattern consistent with a retroreflector array near a known landing site.

For example, if one clock pulse latches a value into a register or begins a calculation, it will take some time for the value to be stable at the outputs of the register or for the calculation to complete.

For pipe flows a so-called transit time method is applied where a radiotracer is injected as a pulse into the measured flow.

For example, for a laser producing pulses with a Gaussian temporal shape, the minimum possible pulse duration Δt is given by

For ultrashort pulse lasers, a hyperbolic-secant-squared ( sech < sup > 2 </ sup >) pulse shape is often assumed, giving a time-bandwidth product of 0. 315.

For the HeNe laser with a 1. 5 GHz spectral width, the shortest Gaussian pulse consistent with this spectral width would be around 300 picoseconds ; for the 128 THz bandwidth Ti: sapphire laser, this spectral width would be only 3. 4 femtoseconds.

For high altitude nuclear explosions, these electrons are captured in the Earth's magnetic field at altitudes between twenty and forty kilometers where they interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce a coherent electromagnetic pulse ( EMP ) which lasts about one millisecond.

For the limited case of square or pulse wave signals, this is identical to true ring modulation.

For acupuncture, they produced a " random " pulse that could be felt through the needles ; however, it began to produce a painful burning sensation when they were grounded to two needles at once.

For example, many electronic components, such as flip-flops, are triggered by a pulse that must not be shorter than a specified minimum duration ; otherwise, the component may malfunction.