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For f ∈ R, define D < sub > f </ sub > to be the set of ideals of R not containing f. Then each D < sub > f </ sub > is an open subset of Spec ( R ), and is a basis for the Zariski topology.
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For and f
For instance, because the 10 in the problem represents ten seconds, the expression f ′( 10 ) represents the change in pressure at a height of ten seconds, which is nonsense.
f and g are not known exactly: For example, the altitude where the car starts is not known and the temperature on the mountain is not known.
for some natural number n. Moreover, since, the commutator subgroup is normal in G. For any homomorphism f: G → H,
For instance, in the 55 Cancri system the first planet – 55 Cancri b – was discovered in 1996 ; two additional farther planets were simultaneously discovered in 2002 with the nearest to the star being named 55 Cancri c and the other 55 Cancri d ; a fourth planet was claimed ( its existence was later disputed ) in 2004 and named 55 Cancri e despite lying closer to the star than 55 Cancri b ; and the most recently discovered planet, in 2007, was named 55 Cancri f despite lying between 55 Cancri c and 55 Cancri d. As of April 2012 the highest letter in use is " j ", for the unconfirmed planet HD 10180 j ( HD 10180 h is the confirmed planet with the highest letter ).
* K, the ring of polynomials over a field K. For each nonzero polynomial P, define f ( P ) to be the degree of P.
* K < nowiki ></ nowiki > X < nowiki ></ nowiki >, the ring of formal power series over the field K. For each nonzero power series P, define f ( P ) as the degree of the smallest power of X occurring in P. In particular, for two nonzero power series P and Q, f ( P )≤ f ( Q ) iff P divides Q.
For instance, German-speakers more often described, ( f .) " bridge " with words like ' beautiful ', ' elegant ', ' fragile ', ' peaceful ', ' pretty ', and ' slender ', whereas Spanish-speakers, which use puente ( m .) used terms like ' big ', ' dangerous ', ' long ', ' strong ', ' sturdy ', and ' towering '.
For instance, the precise definition for a homomorphism f to be iso is not only that it is bijective, and thus has an inverse f < sup >- 1 </ sup >, but also that this inverse is a homomorphism, too.
0 implies that any function f that is holomorphic on the simply connected region U is also integrable on U. ( For a path γ from z < sub > 0 </ sub > to z lying entirely in U, define
For instance, if we impose some requirements on a distribution f, we can attempt to translate these requirements in terms of the Fourier transform of f. The Paley – Wiener theorem is an example of this.
A unary operation is idempotent if it maps each element of S to a fixed point of f. For a set with n elements there are
For and ∈
For example, if u < sub > 1 </ sub > is an eigenvector of A, with a real eigenvalue smaller than one, then the straight lines given by the points along α u < sub > 1 </ sub >, with α ∈ R, is an invariant curve of the map.
For this rule to be applicable, each element y ∈ Y must correspond to no more than one x ∈ X ; a function ƒ with this property is called one-to-one, or information-preserving, or an injection.
For instance, if Y is a normed space, then this topology is defined by the seminorms indexed by x ∈ X:
for all g < sub > 1 </ sub >, g < sub > 2 </ sub >, h < sub > 1 </ sub >, h < sub > 2 </ sub > ∈ G. For a congruence on a group, the equivalence class containing the identity element is always a normal subgroup, and the other equivalence classes are the cosets of this subgroup.
For every dyadic fraction r ∈ ( 0, 1 ), we are going to construct an open subset U ( r ) of X such that:
: 3 ) For every compact set K ⊂ D there exists a constant C such that for every x ∈ K and every non-negative integer k the following bound holds:
For example, a smooth curve α ( t ): 1 → M has tangent vector α ′( t < sub > 0 </ sub >) in the tangent space TM ( α ( t < sub > 0 </ sub >)) at any point t < sub > 0 </ sub > ∈ ( 0, 1 ), and each such vector has length ‖ α ′( t < sub > 0 </ sub >)‖, where ‖·‖ denotes the norm induced by the inner product on TM ( α ( t < sub > 0 </ sub >)).
:: For any open neighborhood N of A, there is a positive constant T such that f ( t, b ) ∈ N for all real t > T.
For 1 < p, q < ∞ and f ∈ L < sup > p </ sup >( μ ) and g ∈ L < sup > q </ sup >( μ ), Hölder's inequality becomes an equality if and only if | f |< sup > p </ sup > and | g |< sup > q </ sup > are linearly dependent in L < sup > 1 </ sup >( μ ), meaning that there exist real numbers α, β ≥ 0, not both of them zero, such that α | f |< sup > p </ sup > = β | g |< sup > q </ sup > μ-almost everywhere.
# For every root α ∈ Φ, the set Φ is closed under reflection through the hyperplane perpendicular to α.
For each weight λ ∈ h *, there exists a unique ( up to isomorphism ) simple highest-weight g-module with highest weight λ, which is denoted L ( λ ).
For example, if there is no inner model for a measurable cardinal, then the Dodd-Jensen core model, K < sup > DJ </ sup > is the core model and satisfies the Covering Property, that is for every uncountable set x of ordinals, there is y such that y ⊃ x, y has the same cardinality as x, and y ∈ K < sup > DJ </ sup >.
For every element a of a linearly ordered group G either a ∈ G < sub >+</ sub >, or − a ∈ G < sub >+</ sub >, or a = 0.
For and R
For United States expenditures under subsections ( A ), ( B ), ( D ), ( E ), ( F ), ( H ) through ( R ) of Section 104 of the Act or under any of such subsections, the rupee equivalent of $200 million.
For example, the field extension R / Q, that is the field of real numbers as an extension of the field of rational numbers, is transcendental, while the field extensions C / R and Q (√ 2 )/ Q are algebraic, where C is the field of complex numbers.
For the case of a non-commutative base ring R and a right module M < sub > R </ sub > and a left module < sub > R </ sub > N, we can define a bilinear map, where T is an abelian group, such that for any n in N, is a group homomorphism, and for any m in M, is a group homomorphism too, and which also satisfies
From Comrade Semichastny's speech I learn that the government, ' would not put any obstacles in the way of my departure from the U. S. S. R .' For me this is impossible.
For example, an " X " is used to indicate a variable group amongst a class of compounds ( though usually a halogen ), while " R " is used for a radical, meaning a compound structure such as a hydrocarbon chain.
For example, intervals, where takes all integer values in Z, cover R but there is no finite subcover.
For example, he believed ( as most Romans ) that his ancestor Appius Claudius Caecus had used the censorship to introduce the letter " R " and so used his own term to introduce his new letters.
For example, the Cyrillic letter Р is usually written as R in the Latin script, although in many cases it is not as simple as a one-for-one equivalence.
* For a more detailed account of Christine de Pizan ’ s rhetorical strategies refer to Jenny R. Redfern ’ s excerpt Christine de Pisan and The Treasure of the City of Ladies: A Medieval Rhetorician and Her Rhetoric ( in Reclaiming Rhetorica, ed.
For regions in R < sup > 3 </ sup > more complicated than this, the latter statement might be false ( see Poincaré lemma ).
For any positive integer n, the set of all n-tuples of real numbers forms an n-dimensional vector space over R, which is denoted R < sup > n </ sup > and sometimes called real coordinate space.
For example, an ester ( RCOOR ') has an ester functional group ( COOR ) and is composed of an alkoxy moiety (- OR ') and an acyl moiety ( RCO -), or, equivalently, it may be divided into carboxylate ( RCOO -) and alkyl (- R ') moieties.
For materials that absorb light, like metals and semiconductors, n is complex, and R < sub > p </ sub > does not generally go to zero.
For example, Latin P came to be written like Greek rho ( written Ρ but pronounced ), so the Roman letter equivalent to rho was modified to R to keep it distinct.
For any information rate R < C and coding error ε > 0, for large enough N, there exists a code of length N and rate ≥ R and a decoding algorithm, such that the maximal probability of block error is ≤ ε ; that is, it is always possible to transmit with arbitrarily small block error.
0.688 seconds.