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For orthodox Marxists, socialism is the lower stage of communism based on the principle of " from each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution " while upper stage communism is based on the principle of " from each according to his ability, to each according to his need "; the upper stage becoming possible only after the socialist stage further develops economic efficiency and the automation of production has led to a superabundance of goods and services.
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For and orthodox
For this reason, the task of orthodox Marxism, its victory over Revisionism and utopianism can never mean the defeat, once and for all, of false tendencies.
For example, heterodox Yahwism included the presence of cult objects rejected in by orthodox expressions, such as the Asherah, figurines of various sorts ( females, horses and riders, animals and birds, and the calves or bulls of the Northern Kingdom.
For other definitions and meaning for the word orthodox, see Orthodoxy.
For example, John of Antioch wrote to Nestorius urging him to submit to the Pope's judgment and cease stirring up controversy over a word that he disliked ( Theotokos ) but which could be interpreted as having an orthodox meaning especially in light of the fact that many saints and doctors of the church had sanctioned the word by using it themselves.
For many years, the orthodox view in the People's Republic of China was that after the demonstrations in 1919 and their suppression, the discussion became more and more political.
For Mandel, profitability could be influenced by numerous different factors, and was only the general indicator of the condition of the system as a whole ; his critics ( such as Paul Mattick ) however argued that Mandel is too eclectic, and failed to give an orthodox Marxist explanation of the famous " tendency of the rate of profit to fall ".
For 100 years of its history, Phillips Academy shared its campus with the Andover Theological Seminary, which was founded on Phillips Hill in 1807 by orthodox Calvinists who had fled Harvard College after it appointed a liberal Unitarian theologian to a professorship of divinity.
For example, in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches heterodoxy may describe beliefs that differ from strictly orthodox views but that fall short of heresy.
For example, the orthodox Catholic position on unbaptized infants is that their fate is uncertain, and " the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God " ( Catechism of the Catholic Church 1261 ).
For three years the strife continued, and was probably based on the opposition between the Averroists, Siger and Pierre Dubois, and the more orthodox schoolmen.
For the most part, Martineau escaped the active and, on the whole, belittling period of orthodox Trinitarian churches against Unitarians, the " Socinian " controversy.
For example, the three playable generations of the " orthodox " Mishima family ( Heihachi, Kazuma, and Jin ) have handed down many family techniques, such as their signature " crouch-dash " and the moves that chain from it.
On the other hand, older Peronists formed the base of the orthodox bureaucracy, represented by the Unión Obrera Metalúrgica ( Augusto Vandor, famous for his 1965 slogan " For a Peronism without Perón ," and declaring as well: " to save Perón, one has to be against Perón ", or José Ignacio Rucci ).
For example, the Roman See often issues recommendations as to what worship practices it considers orthodox so as to curb excesses or deficiencies by its prelates.
" For the Church of England ," he there says, " I am persuaded that the constant doctrine of it is so pure and orthodox, that whosoever believes it, and lives according to it, undoubtedly he shall be saved, and that there is no error in it which may necessitate or warrant any man to disturb the peace or renounce the communion of it.
For a brief period during the late 1940s, Rice and The Sword of the Lord held the allegiance of orthodox Christians of various denominations who would shortly be divided into Neo-Evangelical and Fundamentalist camps.
For instance, when Tommy robs a bank on a Friday, he finds that Avram ( an orthodox Jew ) does not ride on the Sabbath — even with a posse on his tail.
For example, there were at least two Christian churches, Catholic and orthodox, both of brick stonework, in Vilnius town.
For example scientist-theologians such as John Polkinghorne emphasize the implications of Anthropic Fine-Tuning within an orthodox Christian framework, whilst fully accepting the scientific findings about Evolution and the age of the Universe.
For instance, Carolyn Walker Bynum has shown how, in the late Middle Ages, miracles attending the taking of the eucharist were not simply symbolic of the Passion story, but served as vindication of the mystics ' theological orthodoxy by proving that the mystic had not fallen prey to heretical ideas, such as the Cathar rejection of the material world as evil, contrary to orthodox teaching that God took on human flesh and remained sinless.
For example, many communities of Syrian Jews have banned conversion and refuse to recognise any Jewish conversion, including those done under orthodox auspices.
For this reason orthodox Islamic law normally requires extremely stringent evidence for such accusations.
This raises profound questions about the validity of orthodox Christian teaching, with an obvious mistranslation of " paradidomai " as " betray " instead of the correct " deliver " as elsewhere in the gospels, and the misinterpretation of something from the oral tradition that mystics would say Jesus Christ almost certainly did say: " For you will sacrifice the man who bears me.
For and Marxists
For platformist anarcho-communist Wayne Price " Today ’ s proposals for Parecon, in which workers are rewarded for the intensity and duration of their labor in a cooperative economy, would fit into Bakunin ’ s or Marx ’ s concept of a transitory, beginning, phase, of a free society ... Kropotkin rejected the two-phase approach of the Marxists and the anarchist-collectivists.
For Marxists, the stage of economic development in which this is possible, sometimes called pure communism, is contingent upon advances in the productive capabilities of society.
For Marxists, the development of capitalism in western Europe provided a material basis for the possibility of bringing about socialism because, according to the Communist Manifesto, " What the bourgeoisie produces above all is its own grave diggers ", namely the working class, which must become conscious of the historical objectives set it by society.
For Marxists, class antagonism is rooted in the situation that control over social production necessarily entails control over the class which produces goods — in capitalism this is the exploitation of workers by the bourgeoisie.
For Marxists the causes of and solutions to unemployment require abolishing capitalism and shifting to socialism or communism.
For contemporary Marxists, the existence of persistent unemployment is proof of the inability of capitalism to ensure full employment.
For the Marxists who had come to dominate the Socialist Labor Party by the 1890s, this idea was exactly backwards.
For Marxists, socialism or, as Marx termed it, the first phase of communist society, can be viewed as a transitional stage characterized by common or state ownership of the means of production under democratic workers ' control and management, which Engels argued was beginning to be realised in the Paris Commune of 1871, before it was overthrown.
For Marxists, the two most relevant classes are the " bourgeoisie ", those who own the means of production, and the " proletariat ", more explicitly, the wage laborers.
For Marxists ( especially those of the Soviet Realism type ), authorial intent is manifest in the text and must be placed in a context of liberation and the materialist dialectic.
For the new generation of recruits in the Sixties and early Seventies, he was the major link to the older generation of class-struggle militants and Marxists who had built the labour and socialist movements in previous decades.
For Marxists, the overthrow of the entire ruling class means not just a seizure of their state power, but the establishment of an entirely different sort of state, one structured to protect working class control of production -- such a fundamental change, it is usually argued, cannot take place within the electoral system of a state designed foremost for the protection of private property.
For Engels and other Marxists, this theory was important as it supported their conviction that materialistic factors — economic and technological — are decisive in shaping the fate of humanity.
For example, structural Marxists have attempted to use comparative methods to discover the general processes that underlie apparently different social orderings in different societies.
For their actions, the British government labelled these men as " India's earliest Marxists ".
For and socialism
For example, Peter Hain interprets libertarian socialism as minarchist rather than anarchist, favoring radical decentralization of power without going as far as the complete abolition of the state and libertarian socialist Noam Chomsky supports dismantling all forms of unjustified social or economic power, while also emphasizing that state intervention should be supported as a temporary protection while oppressive structures remain in existence.
For instance mutualist anarchism is more influenced by liberalism while communist and syndicalist anarchism are more influenced by socialism.
For anarchists, state socialism is equivalent to state capitalism, hence oppressive and merely a shift from private capitalists to the state being the sole employer and capitalist.
For example, Robert M. Page, a Reader in Democratic Socialism and Social Policy at the University of Birmingham, writes about " transformative democratic socialism " to refer to the politics of the Clement Attlee government ( a strong welfare state, fiscal redistribution, some nationalisation ) and " revisionist democratic socialism ," as developed by Anthony Crosland and Harold Wilson:
For example, Peter Hain classifies democratic socialism, along with libertarian socialism, as a form of anti-authoritarian " socialism from below " ( using the term popularised by Hal Draper ), in contrast to Stalinism and social democracy, variants of authoritarian state socialism.
For example, Mikhail Gorbachev described perestroika as building a " new, humane and democratic socialism.
" For the historian of the anarchist movement Ronald Creagh, the hippie movement could be considered as the last spectacular resurgence of utopian socialism For Creagh, a characteristic of this is the desire for the transformation of society not through political revolution, or through reformist action pushed forward by the state, but through the creation of a counter-society of a socialist character in the midst of the current system, which will be made up of ideal communities of a more or less libertarian social form.
For example, Alec Nove's conception of feasible socialism provides an outline for an economic system based on a combination of state-enterprises for large industries, worker and consumer cooperatives, private enterprises for small-scale operations, and individually-owned enterprises.
For instance, " socialism " may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.
For example, An Inspector Calls, as well as being a " Time Play ", contains many references to socialism — the inspector was arguably an alter ego through which Priestley could express his views.
For the nature of his socialism, he referred to Eduard Bernstein, an anti-Marxist, pro-capitalism Social Democrat, popularizing the motto: " The important thing is the movement, not the goal.
For the Fabian Society he wrote on poverty in London, the eight-hour day, land nationalisation the nature of socialism, education, eugenics and reform of the House of Lords.
For example, in the twentieth century, many land reforms emerged from a particular political ideology, such as communism or socialism.
For example, the preamble to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's constitution states that Vietnam only entered a transition stage between capitalism and socialism after the country was re-unified under the Communist party in 1976, and the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Cuba states that the role of the Communist Party is to " guide the common effort toward the goals and construction of socialism ".
For Bordiga, both stages of socialist or communist society ( sometimes distinguished as " socialism " and " communism ") were characterised by the ( gradual ) absence of money, the market, and so on, the difference between them being that earlier in the first stage a system of ' rationing ' would be used to allocate goods to people, while in communism this could be abandoned in favour of full free access.
For this strong-willed man, this late nineteenth-century Grand Inquisitioner of American socialism, there was no middle ground.
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