For many of these measurements the chest must be opened, but the blood vessels and the heart itself remain undisturbed.

For an example of its use, analysis of the concentration of elements is important in managing a nuclear reactor, so nuclear scientists will analyze neutron activation to develop discrete measurements within vast samples.

For measurements at experimentally controlled volume, one can use the assumption, stated above, that the pressure of the body of calorimetric material is can be expressed as a function of its volume and temperature.

For measurements at experimentally controlled pressure, it is assumed that the volume of the body of calorimetric material can be expressed as a function of its temperature and pressure.

For measurements at experimentally controlled temperature, it is again assumed that the volume of the body of calorimetric material can be expressed as a function of its temperature and pressure, with the same provisos as mentioned just above.

For example, the accuracy of laser rangefinding measurements is based on the scientific understanding of lasers, while satellite pictures and meter sticks rely on different phenomena.

For absolute measurements, welded pressure capsules with diaphragms on either side are often used.

For example, the Hipparcos satellite took measurements for over 100, 000 nearby stars.

For example, methods based on covariance matrices are typically employed on the premise that numbers, such as raw scores derived from assessments, are measurements.

For example, if blood pressure measurements are made daily for a week on each subject in a study, there would be seven data values for each statistical unit.

For a relationist there can be no real difference between inertial motion, in which the object travels with constant velocity, and non-inertial motion, in which the velocity changes with time, since all spatial measurements are relative to other objects and their motions.

For typical laboratory measurements, the value of the logarithm in the previous equation is in the order of 20 – 25.

For other large TNOs, diameters can be estimated by thermal measurements.

For accurate temperature measurements, the resistance / temperature curve of the device must be described in more detail.

For the rest of the time, the mobile can carry out measurements on the network, detecting surrounding transmitters on different frequencies.

For the sake of this, measurements which are the source of this information must be as objective as possible.

For example, in the brewing industry, the Plato table, which lists sucrose concentration by weight against true SG, were originally ( 20 ° C / 4 ° C ) that is based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature ( 20 ° C ) but referenced to the density of water at 4 ° C which is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density of ρ () equal to 0. 999972 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup > ( or 62. 43 lb < sub > m </ sub >· ft < sup >− 3 </ sup >).

For high-precision measurements the above types of meter are inadequate.

For resistance measurements, usually a small constant current is passed through the device under test and the digital multimeter reads the resultant voltage drop ; this eliminates the scale compression found in analog meters, but requires a source of significant current.

For example, a multimeter that has a 1mV resolution on a 10V scale can show changes in measurements in 1mV increments.

For an ideal single-mode Gaussian beam, the D4σ, D86 and 1 / e < sup > 2 </ sup > width measurements would give the same value.

For example, the coupling efficiency of the light source is kept consistent between the initial and the cutback measurements.

For best measurement reproducibility, one would select a diameter that is not near such a transition, although this may not be possible if measurements must be performed over a range of wavelengths.

For a given input frequency and amplitude, THD + N is equal to SINAD, provided that both measurements are made over the same bandwidth.

For the albumin method, equal volumes of 30% bovine albumin, sample and 2% cells suspended in saline were allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hr and then were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 1 Aj.

For purposes of sample selection only ( individual tests were given later ) we obtained group test scores of reading achievement and intelligence from school records of the entire third-grade population in each school system.

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children was administered to each sample third-grade child by a clinical worker.

For example, on the basis of the regression equation, a child with an I.Q. of 120 in this sample would be expected to earn an achievement test score of 4.8 ( grade equivalent ).

For example, consider the sample space

For example, if n samples are taken from a Cauchy distribution, one may calculate the sample mean as:

Other, more precise and robust methods have been developed For example, the truncated mean of the middle 24 % of the sample order statistics produces an estimate for x < sub > 0 </ sub > that is more efficient than using either the sample median or the full sample mean.

For example in a paper reporting on a study involving human subjects, there typically appears a table giving the overall sample size, sample sizes in important subgroups ( e. g., for each treatment or exposure group ), and demographic or clinical characteristics such as the average age, the proportion of subjects of each sex, and the proportion of subjects with related comorbidities.

For modelling terrain or other objects given a set of sample points, the Delaunay triangulation gives a nice set of triangles to use as polygons in the model.

For a given sample, the " error " of the estimator is defined as

For a given sample, the sampling deviation of the estimator is defined as

For the sample image above the reversible mapping between 9-bit codes and bytes is shown below.

For the sample 3x5 image above, the following 9-bit codes represent " clear " ( 100 ) followed by image pixels in scan order and " stop " ( 101 ).

For a random sample the harmonic mean is calculated as above.

For example, a survey of high school students to measure teenage use of illegal drugs will be a biased sample because it does not include home-schooled students or dropouts.

For a typical liquid crystal sample, S is on the order of 0. 3 to 0. 8, and generally decreases as the temperature is raised.

For example, oxygen makes up about < sup > 8 </ sup >/< sub > 9 </ sub > of the mass of any sample of pure water, while hydrogen makes up the remaining < sup > 1 </ sup >/< sub > 9 </ sub > of the mass.

# For progesterone testing, a veterinarian can test a blood sample for progesterone.

For example, a food sample might be analyzed on three different nutrient mediums designed to indicate the presence of " total " bacteria ( conditions where many, but not all, bacteria grow ), molds ( conditions where the growth of bacteria is prevented by, e. g., antibiotics ) and coliform bacteria ( these indicate a sewage contamination ).

For the NAA procedure to be successful the specimen or sample must be selected carefully.

For example, if the experiment is tossing a coin, the sample space is the set