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Formally, Gaussian integers are the set
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Formally, the theorem is stated as follows: There exist unique integers q and r such that a = qd + r and 0 ≤ r < | d |, where | d | denotes the absolute value of d.
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However, shortly after this positive result, Kurt Gödel published On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems ( 1931 ), showing that in any sufficiently strong axiomatic system there are true statements which cannot be proved in the system.
Formally, as per the 2002 Memorandum of Understanding between the BSI and the United Kingdom Government, British Standards are defined as:
Formally speaking, a collation method typically defines a total order on a set of possible identifiers, called sort keys, which consequently produces a total preorder on the set of items of information ( items with the same identifier are not placed in any defined order ).
Formally, this sharing of dynamics is referred to as universality, and systems with precisely the same critical exponents are said to belong to the same universality class.
Formally, both the pattern and searched text are vectors of elements of Σ.
Limits and colimits in a category C are defined by means of diagrams in C. Formally, a diagram of type J in C is a functor from J to C:
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Formally, we are given a set of hypotheses and a set of manifestations ; they are related by the domain knowledge, represented by a function that takes as an argument a set of hypotheses and gives as a result the corresponding set of manifestations.
Formally, two variables are inversely proportional ( or varying inversely, or in inverse variation, or in inverse proportion or in reciprocal proportion ) if one of the variables is directly proportional with the multiplicative inverse ( reciprocal ) of the other, or equivalently if their product is a constant.
Formally, they are partial derivatives of the option price with respect to the independent variables ( technically, one Greek, gamma, is a partial derivative of another Greek, called delta ).
Formally, the two parts are given by the following expression, where is the number being encoded:
Formally, the word is applied to persons who are publicly accepted in a recognised capacity, such as professional employment, graduation from a course of study, etc., to give critical commentaries in one or any of a number of specific fields of public or private achievement or endeavour.
Formally, they are known as Ridunians, from the Latin Riduna.
( Formally speaking, this then satisfies the premises of an axiom of well-founded induction, which asserts that these two conditions are sufficient for the proposition to hold for all x.
Formally, the outcomes Y < sub > i </ sub > are described as being Bernoulli-distributed data, where each outcome is determined by an unobserved probability p < sub > i </ sub > that is specific to the outcome at hand, but related to the explanatory variables.
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Formally this approximation is founded on the variational principle, valid for Hamiltonians that are bounded from below.
Formally, an analytic function ƒ ( z ) of the real or complex variables z < sub > 1 </ sub >,…, z < sub > n </ sub > is transcendental if z < sub > 1 </ sub >, …, z < sub > n </ sub >, ƒ ( z ) are algebraically independent, i. e., if ƒ is transcendental over the field C ( z < sub > 1 </ sub >, …, z < sub > n </ sub >).
These are manufactured by Amphenol ( Formally Alcatel Components and ITT Cannon Australia ).
Formally most of these approaches are similar to an artificial neural network, as inputs to a node are summed up and the result serves as input to a sigmoid function, e. g., but proteins do often control gene expression in a synergistic, i. e. non-linear, way.
Formally, the sets of free and bound names of a process in π – calculus are defined inductively as follows.
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Formally, the discrete Hartley transform is a linear, invertible function H: R < sup > n </ sup > < tt >-></ tt > R < sup > n </ sup > ( where R denotes the set of real numbers ).
Formally, a constraint satisfaction problem is defined as a triple, where is a set of variables, is a domain of values, and is a set of constraints.
Gaussian and integers
* Gaussian integers: those complex numbers where both and are integers are also quadratic integers.
* Z, the ring of Gaussian integers.
The original algorithm was described only for natural numbers and geometric lengths ( real numbers ), but the algorithm was generalized in the 19th century to other types of numbers, such as Gaussian integers and polynomials in one variable.
This paper introduced what is now called the ring of Gaussian integers, the set of all complex numbers a + bi where a and b are integers.
If R is a Euclidean domain in which euclidean division is given algorithmically ( as is the case for instance when R = F where F is a field, or when R is the ring of Gaussian integers ), then greatest common divisors can be computed using a form of the Euclidean algorithm based on the division procedure.
An example of such a domain is the Gaussian integers Z, that is, the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers.
* Z: the ring of Gaussian integers
In number theory, a Gaussian integer is a complex number whose real and imaginary part are both integers.
The Gaussian integers, with ordinary addition and multiplication of complex numbers, form an integral domain, usually written as Z.
The Gaussian integers are a special case of the quadratic integers.
Gaussian integers as lattice point s in the complex plane
Note that when they are considered within the complex plane the Gaussian integers may be seen to constitute the 2-dimensional integer lattice.
The Gaussian integers form a principal ideal domain with units 1, − 1, i, and − i. If x is a Gaussian integer, the four numbers x, ix, − x, and − ix are called the associates of x.
As for every principal ideal domain, the Gaussian integers form also a unique factorization domain.
The ring of Gaussian integers is the integral closure of Z in the field of Gaussian rationals Q ( i ) consisting of the complex numbers whose real and imaginary part are both rational.
The ring of Gaussian integers was introduced by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his second monograph on quartic reciprocity ( 1832 ) ( see ).
Gauss discovered that the law of biquadratic reciprocity and its supplements were more easily stated and proved as statements about " whole complex numbers " ( i. e. the Gaussian integers ) than they are as statements about ordinary whole numbers ( i. e. the integers ).
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