Formally, oxidation state is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100 % ionic.

Formally, these reside in a complex separable Hilbert space-variously called the " state space " or the " associated Hilbert space " of the system-that is well defined up to a complex number of norm 1 ( the phase factor ).

Formally the " head of state " can also personally be the " head of government " ( ex officio or by ad hoc cumulation such as an absolute monarch nominating himself ) but otherwise has formal precedence over the Head of Government and other ministers, whether he is their actual political superior ( absolute monarch, executive president ) or rather theoretical or ceremonial in character.

Formally, a detailed balanced process is the one on which the probability to be in the state x and transit to x ' must be the same as to be in the state x ' and transit to x.

Formally declared on October 9, 1970, the Khmer Republic was a right-wing pro-United States military-led government headed by General Lon Nol and Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak that took power in the March 18, 1970 coup against Prince Norodom Sihanouk, then the country's head of state.

Formally, the problem can be stated as follows: given a desired property, expressed as a temporal logic formula p, and a structure M with initial state s, decide if.

Formally, the Cisalpine Republic was an independent state allied with France, but the treaty of alliance established the effective subalternity of the new republic to France.

Formally, an unlabelled state transition system is a tuple ( S, →) where S is a set ( of states ) and → ⊆ S × S is a binary relation over S ( of transitions ).

Formally a member of the country's collective head of state and, as president of parliament, holder of the third-highest office, he was left with little political influence.

Formally, knowing the step response of a dynamical system gives information on the stability of such a system, and on its ability to reach one stationary state when starting from another.

Formally, a state space can be defined as a tuple where:

Formally, a system is said to be observable if, for any possible sequence of state and control vectors, the current state can be determined in finite time using only the outputs ( this definition is slanted towards the state space representation ).

Formally, a deterministic finite automaton may be defined by the tuple where is the set of states of the automaton, is the set of input symbols, is the transition function that takes a state and an input symbol to a new state, is the initial state of the automaton, and is the set of accepting or final states of the automaton.

Formally known as the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (), it replaced the temporary amendments put into place in 1992 designed to reverse the effects of Communism, establishing the nation as " a democratic state ruled by law and implementing the principles of social justice ".

Formally, it was owned by the PWS state aircraft manufacturer, in fact it was subordinated to the PZL.

Formally, it remained a state of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806.

Formally organized vocational programs supported by federal funds allow high school students to gain experience in a field of work which is likely to lead to a full-time job on graduation.

Formally, a binary operation on a set S is called associative if it satisfies the associative law:

Formally, their designation is the letter Ž and the number.

Formally, a topological space X is called compact if each of its open covers has a finite subcover.

Formally, the set of all context-free languages is identical to the set of languages accepted by pushdown automata ( PDA ).

Formally, the derivative of the function f at a is the limit

More rigorously, the divergence of a vector field F at a point p is defined as the limit of the net flow of F across the smooth boundary of a three dimensional region V divided by the volume of V as V shrinks to p. Formally,

Formally, the base is known as Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia ( the US activity ) or Permanent Joint Operating Base ( PJOB ) Diego Garcia ( the UK's term ).

Formally, there is a clear distinction: " DFT " refers to a mathematical transformation or function, regardless of how it is computed, whereas " FFT " refers to a specific family of algorithms for computing DFTs.

Formally, a bifunctor is a functor whose domain is a product category.

Formally, a set S is called finite if there exists a bijection

Formally, the system is said to have memory.

Formally, an inner product space is a vector space V over the field together with an inner product, i. e., with a map

Formally, if M is a set, the identity function f on M is defined to be that function with domain and codomain M which satisfies

* Formally, when working over the reals, as here, this is accomplished by considering the limit as ε → 0 ; but the " infinitesimal " language generalizes directly to Lie groups over general rings.

Formally, a profinite group is a Hausdorff, compact, and totally disconnected topological group: that is, a topological group that is also a Stone space.

Formally, this sharing of dynamics is referred to as universality, and systems with precisely the same critical exponents are said to belong to the same universality class.

Formally, a frame is defined to be a lattice L in which finite meets distribute over arbitrary joins, i. e. every ( even infinite ) subset

Formally, Φ = kx − ωt is the phase.

Formally speaking, a collation method typically defines a total order on a set of possible identifiers, called sort keys, which consequently produces a total preorder on the set of items of information ( items with the same identifier are not placed in any defined order ).

Formally, one has an implication, not an equivalence, so the solution set may get larger.

Formally, according to the Constitution, citizens of Turkmenistan have the right to set up political parties and other public associations, acting within the framework of the Constitution and laws, and public associations and groups of citizens have the right to nominate their candidates in accordance with the election law.

Formally, the weighted mean of a non-empty set of data

Formally, the convex hull may be defined as the intersection of all convex sets containing X or as the set of all convex combinations of points in X.

Formally, Gaussian integers are the set

Formally, the discrete cosine transform is a linear, invertible function ( where denotes the set of real numbers ), or equivalently an invertible N × N square matrix.

Formally, we are given a set of hypotheses and a set of manifestations ; they are related by the domain knowledge, represented by a function that takes as an argument a set of hypotheses and gives as a result the corresponding set of manifestations.

Formally, a function ƒ is real analytic on an open set D in the real line if for any x < sub > 0 </ sub > in D one can write

Formally, start with a set Ω and consider the sigma algebra Σ on Ω consisting of all subsets of Ω.

Formally, the movement is a rondo that acts as the theme for a set of eight variations, capped off by a dramatic coda.

Formally, the discrete sine transform is a linear, invertible function F: R < sup > N </ sup > < tt >-></ tt > R < sup > N </ sup > ( where R denotes the set of real numbers ), or equivalently an N × N square matrix.

Formally, starting with a linearly independent set of vectors

Formally, the discrete Hartley transform is a linear, invertible function H: R < sup > n </ sup > < tt >-></ tt > R < sup > n </ sup > ( where R denotes the set of real numbers ).

Formally, a constraint satisfaction problem is defined as a triple, where is a set of variables, is a domain of values, and is a set of constraints.