Formally, a hypothesis is compared against its opposite or null hypothesis (" if I release this ball, it will not fall to the floor ").

Formally, P ( with <) will be a ( strict ) partially ordered set, or poset.

However, shortly after this positive result, Kurt Gödel published On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems ( 1931 ), showing that in any sufficiently strong axiomatic system there are true statements which cannot be proved in the system.

Formally the algorithm can be described as:

Formally, if M is a set, the identity function f on M is defined to be that function with domain and codomain M which satisfies

Formally, let S and T be finite sets and let F =

Formally, a frame is defined to be a lattice L in which finite meets distribute over arbitrary joins, i. e. every ( even infinite ) subset

Formally a random variable is considered to be a function on the possible outcomes.

Formally the " head of state " can also personally be the " head of government " ( ex officio or by ad hoc cumulation such as an absolute monarch nominating himself ) but otherwise has formal precedence over the Head of Government and other ministers, whether he is their actual political superior ( absolute monarch, executive president ) or rather theoretical or ceremonial in character.

Formally, in the finite-dimensional case, if the linear map is represented as a multiplication by a matrix A and the translation as the addition of a vector, an affine map acting on a vector can be represented as

Formally, the theorem can be stated as follows:

Formally, the convex hull may be defined as the intersection of all convex sets containing X or as the set of all convex combinations of points in X.

Formally, a decision problem is P-complete ( complete for the complexity class P ) if it is in P and that every problem in P can be reduced to it by using an appropriate reduction.

Formally, a detailed balanced process is the one on which the probability to be in the state x and transit to x ' must be the same as to be in the state x ' and transit to x.

If R is a ring, let R denote the ring of polynomials in the indeterminate X over R. Hilbert proved that if R is " not too large ", in the sense that if R is Noetherian, the same must be true for R. Formally,

Formally, a unique factorization domain is defined to be an integral domain R in which every non-zero and non-unit x of R can be written as a product ( including an empty product ) of irreducible elements p < sub > i </ sub > of R and a unit u:

Formally, powers with positive integer exponents may be defined by the initial condition

Formally, the problem of supervised pattern recognition can be stated as follows: Given an unknown function ( the ground truth ) that maps input instances to output labels, along with training data assumed to represent accurate examples of the mapping, produce a function that approximates as closely as possible the correct mapping.

Formally the self-inductance of a wire loop would be given by the above equation with i

Formally, a government would lay out its reasons for going to war, as well as its intentions in prosecuting it and the steps that might be taken to avert it.

Formally, let P be an expression in which the variable x is free.

Formally, if is any non-zero polynomial, it must be writable as.

Formally, a Menger sponge can be defined as follows:

Formally, the case where only a subset of parameters is defined is still a composite hypothesis ; nonetheless, the term point hypothesis is often applied in such cases, particularly where the hypothesis test can be structured in such a way that the distribution of the test statistic ( the distribution under the null hypothesis ) does not depend on the parameters whose values have not been specified under the point null hypothesis.

Formally, a Markov chain is a random process with the Markov property.

Formally, dependence refers to any situation in which random variables do not satisfy a mathematical condition of probabilistic independence.

Formally, a statistic s is a measurable function of X ; thus, a statistic s is evaluated on a random variable X, taking the value s ( X ), which is itself a random variable.

Formally, the mutual information of two discrete random variables X and Y can be defined as:

Formally, we begin by considering some family of distributions for a random variable X, that is indexed by some θ.

Formally, however, the phrase that introduces the dummy variable is placed in front.

Formally, given complex-valued functions f and g of a natural number variable n, one writes

Formally, a cumulativity predicate CUM can be defined as follows, where capital X is a variable over sets, U is the universe of discourse, p is a mereological part structure on U, and is the mereological sum operation.

Formally, a quantization predicate QUA can be defined as follows, where is the universe of discourse, and is a variable over sets, and is a mereological part structure on with < math > < _p </ math > the mereological part-of relation.

Formally however they define it as any variable that does not directly affect the fundamentals of the economy.

Formally, the outcomes Y < sub > i </ sub > are described as being Bernoulli-distributed data, where each outcome is determined by an unobserved probability p < sub > i </ sub > that is specific to the outcome at hand, but related to the explanatory variables.

Formally, a system is said to be observable if, for any possible sequence of state and control vectors, the current state can be determined in finite time using only the outputs ( this definition is slanted towards the state space representation ).

Formally organized vocational programs supported by federal funds allow high school students to gain experience in a field of work which is likely to lead to a full-time job on graduation.

Formally, the set of all context-free languages is identical to the set of languages accepted by pushdown automata ( PDA ).

More rigorously, the divergence of a vector field F at a point p is defined as the limit of the net flow of F across the smooth boundary of a three dimensional region V divided by the volume of V as V shrinks to p. Formally,

* Formally appoints the Prime Minister of Finland selected by the Parliament, and formally appoints the rest of the cabinet ( Council of State ) as proposed by the Prime Minister

Formally the Prince-Electors elected a King of the Romans, who was elected in Germany but became Holy Roman Emperor only when crowned by the Pope.

* Formally, when working over the reals, as here, this is accomplished by considering the limit as ε → 0 ; but the " infinitesimal " language generalizes directly to Lie groups over general rings.

Formally, these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England's General Synod in 1972 ; conversations and co-operation continued, however, leading in 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches.

Formally, this is a solution of the matrix equation by Jacobi iteration.

Formally it is defined by the equation

Limits and colimits in a category C are defined by means of diagrams in C. Formally, a diagram of type J in C is a functor from J to C:

Formally named " United Press Associations " for incorporation and legal purposes, but publicly known and identified as United Press or UP, it was created by the 1907 uniting of three smaller news syndicates by the Midwest newspaper publisher E. W. Scripps.

Formally, most of these people were convicted by NKVD troikas (" triplets ")– special courts martial.

Formally, collective noun forms such as “ a group of people ” are represented by second-order variables, or by first-order variables standing for sets ( which are well-defined objects in mathematics and logic ).

Formally, we are given a set of hypotheses and a set of manifestations ; they are related by the domain knowledge, represented by a function that takes as an argument a set of hypotheses and gives as a result the corresponding set of manifestations.

Formally, a transductive support vector machine is defined by the following primal optimization problem:

Formally, DFS is an uninformed search that progresses by expanding the first child node of the search tree that appears and thus going deeper and deeper until a goal node is found, or until it hits a node that has no children.

Informally, G has the above presentation if it is the " freest group " generated by S subject only to the relations R. Formally, the group G is said to have the above presentation if it is isomorphic to the quotient of a free group on S by the normal subgroup generated by the relations R.