Formally, the theorem is stated as follows: There exist unique integers q and r such that a = qd + r and 0 ≤ r < | d |, where | d | denotes the absolute value of d.

Formally, the singular value decomposition of an m × n real or complex matrix M is a factorization of the form

Formally, a statistic s is a measurable function of X ; thus, a statistic s is evaluated on a random variable X, taking the value s ( X ), which is itself a random variable.

Formally, a deterministic algorithm computes a mathematical function ; a function has a unique value for any given input, and the algorithm is a process that produces this particular value as output.

Formally, an inner product space is a vector space V over the field together with an inner product, i. e., with a map

* Formally, when working over the reals, as here, this is accomplished by considering the limit as ε → 0 ; but the " infinitesimal " language generalizes directly to Lie groups over general rings.

Formally introduced in September 1979, Initial samples were released in February 1980, with production chips available over the counter in November.

Formally, a frame is defined to be a lattice L in which finite meets distribute over arbitrary joins, i. e. every ( even infinite ) subset

Formally the " head of state " can also personally be the " head of government " ( ex officio or by ad hoc cumulation such as an absolute monarch nominating himself ) but otherwise has formal precedence over the Head of Government and other ministers, whether he is their actual political superior ( absolute monarch, executive president ) or rather theoretical or ceremonial in character.

Formally it is precisely in allowing quantification over class variables α, β, etc., that we assume a range of values for these variables to refer to.

If R is a ring, let R denote the ring of polynomials in the indeterminate X over R. Hilbert proved that if R is " not too large ", in the sense that if R is Noetherian, the same must be true for R. Formally,

Formally, this effect is referred to as and is a process whereby the capture frame rate of the camera changes over time.

Formally, an analytic function ƒ ( z ) of the real or complex variables z < sub > 1 </ sub >,…, z < sub > n </ sub > is transcendental if z < sub > 1 </ sub >, …, z < sub > n </ sub >, ƒ ( z ) are algebraically independent, i. e., if ƒ is transcendental over the field C ( z < sub > 1 </ sub >, …, z < sub > n </ sub >).

Formally, a Lie superalgebra is a ( nonassociative ) Z < sub > 2 </ sub >- graded algebra, or superalgebra, over a commutative ring ( typically R or C ) whose product, called the Lie superbracket or supercommutator, satisfies the two conditions ( analogs of the usual Lie algebra axioms, with grading ):

Formally, a coalgebra over a field K is a vector space C over K together with K-linear maps Δ: C → C ⊗ C and ε: C → K such that

Formally, a Hopf algebra is a ( associative and coassociative ) bialgebra H over a field K together with a K-linear map S: H → H ( called the antipode ) such that the following diagram commutes:

Formally, an unlabelled state transition system is a tuple ( S, →) where S is a set ( of states ) and → ⊆ S × S is a binary relation over S ( of transitions ).

Formally known as the Inverurie Parish Church, a split in Church of Scotland over the appointment of ministers in 1843 ( The Disruption ) led to the creation of the West Parish Church ( known locally as " The West Kirk ") which was founded as a Free Church ( a church free from Edinburgh control ) thus causing the Inverurie Parish Church to change its name.

Formally, the set of LTL formulas over AP is inductively defined as follows:

Formally, the theorem states that, for every Sperner family S over an n-set,

Formally established during the Han Dynasty, zhou continued to exist until the establishment of the Republic of China — a period of over 2000 years.

Formally trained in Rome and Paris, he exhibited in venues from Paris to New York to Beirut over his career.

Formally, an algebraic function in n variables over the field K is an element of the algebraic closure of the field of rational functions K ( x < sub > 1 </ sub >,..., x < sub > n </ sub >).

Formally, if there is a utility function that describes preferences over L commodities, the expenditure function

Formally, weakest-preconditions are defined recursively over the abstract syntax of statements.

Formally established in 1922, over the decades Woodcraft Rangers has modified Seton ’ s original emphasis on outdoor life to incorporate activities that meet the needs of an increasingly urban population, but the goal of changing behavior and encouraging positive outcomes through interaction and education remains central to its mission today.

Formally, the algorithm's performance will be a random variable determined by the random bits ; thus either the running time, or the output ( or both ) are random variables.

Formally, the complexity class MA is the set of decision problems that can be decided in polynomial time by an Arthur – Merlin protocol where Merlin's only move precedes any computation by Arthur.

Formally, a system is said to be observable if, for any possible sequence of state and control vectors, the current state can be determined in finite time using only the outputs ( this definition is slanted towards the state space representation ).

Formally, a market is complete with respect to a trading strategy,, if there exists a self-financing trading strategy, such that at any time, the returns of the two strategies, and are equal.

Formally, this meant that the whole peloton finished out of time limits, but the referees understandably used a rule saying that they could give clemency to any group of more than 20 % of the stage's starting riders, officially citing the weather conditions as their reason to do so.

Formally organized vocational programs supported by federal funds allow high school students to gain experience in a field of work which is likely to lead to a full-time job on graduation.

Formally, a binary operation on a set S is called associative if it satisfies the associative law:

Formally, their designation is the letter Ž and the number.

Formally, a topological space X is called compact if each of its open covers has a finite subcover.

Formally, the set of all context-free languages is identical to the set of languages accepted by pushdown automata ( PDA ).

Formally, the derivative of the function f at a is the limit

More rigorously, the divergence of a vector field F at a point p is defined as the limit of the net flow of F across the smooth boundary of a three dimensional region V divided by the volume of V as V shrinks to p. Formally,

Formally, the base is known as Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia ( the US activity ) or Permanent Joint Operating Base ( PJOB ) Diego Garcia ( the UK's term ).

Formally, there is a clear distinction: " DFT " refers to a mathematical transformation or function, regardless of how it is computed, whereas " FFT " refers to a specific family of algorithms for computing DFTs.

Formally, oxidation state is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100 % ionic.

Formally, a bifunctor is a functor whose domain is a product category.

Formally, a set S is called finite if there exists a bijection

Formally, the system is said to have memory.

Formally, if M is a set, the identity function f on M is defined to be that function with domain and codomain M which satisfies

Formally, a profinite group is a Hausdorff, compact, and totally disconnected topological group: that is, a topological group that is also a Stone space.

Formally, this sharing of dynamics is referred to as universality, and systems with precisely the same critical exponents are said to belong to the same universality class.

Formally, Φ = kx − ωt is the phase.